Employment Performance Monitor (EPM) - Hoofdinhoud

Council of the European Union

Brussels, 6 October 2017 (OR. en)

12563/17 ADD 2

SOC 597 EMPL 458 ECOFIN 750 EDUC 346

COVER NOTE

From: Employment Committee

To: Permanent Representatives Committee / Council

Subject: Employment Performance Monitor (EPM)

With a view to the EPSCO Council on 23 October 2017, delegations will find attached the 2017

Europe 2020 Employment Performance Monitor transmitted by the Employment Committee.

     INDIC/15/12092017/EN

2017 Europe 2020

Employment Performance Monitor

In line with the EPSCO Council's commitment to put its expertise on employment and labour

market policies at the service of the European Council for a successful implementation of the

Europe 2020 Strategy, the Employment Committee was mandated 1 to produce an "Employment

Performance Monitor" (EPM), which could be used to identify at a glance the main employment

challenges for the European Union and for each Member State.

The EPM is based on the findings of the Europe 2020 Joint Assessment Framework (JAF). The JAF is

an indicator-based assessment system prepared jointly by the Employment Committee, the Social

Protection Committee (SPC) and the Commission, covering general and specific policy areas under

the Employment Guidelines, with the objective to identify key challenges and good labour market

outcome in these areas and support Member States in establishing their priorities. The JAF

comprises two main elements:

• - 

  Monitoring and assessment of main challenges under the Employment Guidelines through a

  three-step methodology including a quantitative and qualitative assessment

  • - 

    Quantitative monitoring of progress towards the EU headline and related national targets.

The EPM reflects the results of both JAF components for the employment policies' area and aims

at providing a good overview of results both at country level and across all Member States. These

results could also be useful for macroeconomic surveillance.

The chart "Progress towards the employment rate headline target" shows the path towards- and

the effort needed by the EU to reach the headline employment rate target; whereas the

corresponding charts for each Member State show the corresponding path and effort needed by

the Member States to reach their national employment rate target. The accompanying tables on

"Key indicators on labour market performance" contain indicators for all the JAF Policy Areas.

The graphs on "the progress towards the EU-28 respectively national employment rate headline

target" and the table on the "national employment rate targets compared to current and

projected 2020 employment rates (all age group 20-64)" have been updated with the data from

the latest Commission Economic forecasts 2 as well as with data from the EPC Ageing Report 3 .

1 See Council Doc. 14478/10

2 Economic Forecast spring 2017

3 EPC Ageing Working Group 2015 Ageing Report

The reading of the JAF is used in the analysis and identification of the key employment challenges

and good labour market outcomes in the EU and in Member States. Tables displaying common EU

key employment challenges and good labour market outcomes can be found in Part I whereas; the

tables of key employment challenges and good labour market outcomes for each Member State

are presented in Part II.

The EPM is based on the latest available yearly data 4 . It is continuously under development and

revision in order to improve and assure it is updated to the latest needs and developments.

In addition the EPM incudes a section displaying the results obtained from the JAF modules. This

year this section feature the results obtained from the analysis of the JAF module "Results and

impact of the Youth Guarantee" as well as the results of the JAF module on job quality.

The EPM dashboard, which can be found in Annex C displays, for each of the main JAF indicators

and for each Member State: the level, the y-o-y changes and the changes for the three recent

years, flagging at the same time notable positive/negative changes. This will serve as additional

information in the process to depict the areas with positive and negative developments.

The Joint Assessment Framework results, and hence the Employment Performance Monitor,

respect the role of national parliaments and social partners and differences in national systems,

such as the systems for wage formation.

4 Labour Force Survey (LFS): latest available yearly data is for 2016

Table of contents

PART I - Overview of National Employment Targets, Challenges and Particularly Good Outcomes .......................................................................................................................................................... 4 PART II - Country Overviews ....................................................................................................... 10

BELGIUM ................................................................................................................................. 11

BULGARIA ............................................................................................................................... 14

CZECH REPUBLIC .................................................................................................................. 17

DENMARK ............................................................................................................................... 20

GERMANY ............................................................................................................................... 23

ESTONIA................................................................................................................................... 26

IRELAND .................................................................................................................................. 29

GREECE .................................................................................................................................... 32

SPAIN ........................................................................................................................................ 35

FRANCE .................................................................................................................................... 38

CROATIA .................................................................................................................................. 41

ITALY ........................................................................................................................................ 44

CYPRUS .................................................................................................................................... 47

LATVIA ..................................................................................................................................... 50

LITHUANIA .............................................................................................................................. 53

LUXEMBOURG ....................................................................................................................... 56

HUNGARY ................................................................................................................................ 59

MALTA ..................................................................................................................................... 62

NETHERLANDS....................................................................................................................... 65

AUSTRIA .................................................................................................................................. 68

POLAND ................................................................................................................................... 71

PORTUGAL .............................................................................................................................. 74

ROMANIA................................................................................................................................. 77

SLOVENIA ................................................................................................................................ 80

SLOVAKIA ............................................................................................................................... 83

FINLAND .................................................................................................................................. 86

SWEDEN ................................................................................................................................... 89

UNITED KINGDOM ................................................................................................................ 92

PART III – Readings from the JAF modules ................................................................................. 95

• 1. 

  YG module "Results and impact of the Youth Guarantee" ................................................... 96
• 2. 

  Job Quality Module .............................................................................................................. 102

Annex A. National Targets .......................................................................................................... 107

Annex B. Statistical Data ............................................................................................................. 109

Annex C. EPM Dashboard ........................................................................................................... 111

PART I - Overview of National Employment Targets, Challenges and Particularly Good Outcomes

Figure 1: Progress towards the EU-28 employment rate headline target

DG B 1C EN

Figure 2: National employment rate targets set by Member States in their NRPs compared to employment rate 2016

Sources: National Reform Programmes 2017, EU Labour Force Survey for 2016 employment rate.

Note: I indicates a range for Member States national targets

• * 

  Sweden has defined a national employment rate target of "well over 80%".

** The United Kingdom has not set a national employment rate target.

DG B 1C EN

Table 1: Summary overview of the Key Employment Challenges and particularly good labour market outcomes per Member

State and per policy area, June 2017

skill supply

Labour market and Education wage setting

Labour functioning, productivity, and mechanisms

market combatting Active labour Social work-life Job Gender lifelong training and labour cost

Country participation segmentation market policies security balance creation equality learning systems development BE C G C/G C C C/G C

BG C C/G C C/G C C C C CZ C/G C C/G C C C/G

DK C/G G G C/G G C C/G

DE C/G C C C/G C C C EE G G C C C G

IE G C C G

EL C C C C C C C C/G ES C C/G C C C/G C C/G C C

FR C C G C C C HR C/G C/G C G C/G G C/G C/G C

IT C G C C/G C C C/G C C

CY C/G C/G C C C C G G C LV C/G G C C C G C

LT C/G C C C/G C/G LU C/G C G G C/G

HU G C C C/G C/G C C

MT C/G G G C C/G C

NL C/G C C C/G C/G

AT C/G G C C C C/G PL C/G C C C C C C/G

PT C/G C/G C C G C G C C C

RO C C/G C C/G C C/G C C C/G SI C/G C G G

SK C C C/G C C/G C C FI C/G C C C/G G C G G C/G

SE C/G G G G G G G C/G

UK C/G G C C G C/G

C=challenge

G=good labour market outcome

DG B 1C EN

Table 2: Common Key Employment Challenges, June 2017 – Details 5

Employment EU-

policy areas Key Employment Challenges 28 BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR HR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK sum

Low/decreasing employment rate 5 c c c c c

Low/decreasing female employment rate 3 c c c

Low/decreasing male employment rate 3 c c c

Low/decreasing participation of older workers 10 c c c c c c c c c c

• 1. 

  Labour market High/increasing incidence of youth

participation unemployment and/or NEET 11 c c c c c c c c c c c

Low/decreasing participation of low-skilled

persons 8 c c c c c c c c

Low/decreasing participation of non-EU

nationals/people with migrant background 8 c c c c c c c c

Duration of working life 6 c c c c c c

Inadequate employment protection legislation 1 c

• 2. 

  Labour market

functioning, High/increasing labour market segmentation 7 c c c c c c c combating Low transition from temporary into permanent

segmentation contracts

2 c c

High incidence of undeclared work 4 c c c c

Low level of ALMP expenditure/Insufficient

• 3. 

  Active labour provision of well targeted tailored 17 c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c c market policies measures/functioning of employment services

  High incidence of long-term unemployment 10 c c c c c c c c c c Inadequate level and coverage of

• 4. 

  Adequate and unemployment benefits, poverty trap, at risk 14 c c c c c c c c c c c c c c

employment of poverty

oriented social Disincentives for LM participation in the

security systems social security system/disability pension, 5 c c c c c

unemployment/inactivity/low wage traps

5 The table is updated on the basis of the key employment challenges identified in in the country overviews under part 2 of the EPM. The aim of the table is to identify the key employment challenges that are common to several Member States.

DG B 1C EN

Common Key Employment Challenges – Details (CONT.)

Employment EU-

policy areas Key Employment Challenges 28 BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR HR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK sum

Insufficient provision/uptake of high quality, affordable child and/or dependant care 12 c c c c c c c c c c c c facilities

• 5. 

  Work-life

balance Limited use of flexible working arrangements 0

High incidence of inactivity and part-time work due to family obligations, high impact of 11 c c c c c c c c c c c parenthood on employment Negative employment growth/insufficient job

• 6. 

  Job creation creation

4 c c c c

High tax wedge on labour 7 c c c c c c c Large gender employment gaps 9 c c c c c c c c c

• 7. 

  Gender Large gender pay gap 4 c c c c

equality Disincentives for LM participation for second

earners 5 c c c c c

Weaknesses with respect to educational

• 8. 

  Improving skill attainment of the (adult) population

  4 c c c c

supply and Low participation in lifelong learning/lack of 11 c c c c c c c c c c c

productivity; an integrated lifelong learning strategy

Lifelong Skills mismatches/Insufficient forecasting

learning skills system

10 c c c c c c c c c c

Public spending on human resources

low/inefficient 3 c c c

High incidence of early school leaving 4 c c c c Low upper secondary education attainment 2 c c Low tertiary education attainment rate 4 c c c c Low attainment of basic skills 3 c c c Educational outcomes depending on socioeconomic

and migrant background 9 c c c c c c c c c 9.Improving

education and Low participation in early education and care 2 c c

training systems

Low attractiveness of vocational education

and training 2 c c

Low attractiveness of the teacher profession 2 c c

Insufficient provision of education and training

opportunities to meet labour market needs 4 c c c c

• 10. 

  Wage setting Minimum wage setting 3 c c c mechanism and

labour cost Labour cost developments not in line with

productivity gains 4 c c c c developments

DG B 1C EN

PART II - Country Overviews

BELGIUM

• 1. 

  Progress towards the national employment rate target

DG B 1C EN

• 2. 

  Key indicators on labour market performance

Belgium

2020 national 2014 2015 2016 2020 EU Indicator Unit 2000 2013 2014 2015 2016 target EU28-total target

Overall employment rate % of population aged

20 - 64 65.8 67.2 67.3 67.2 67.7 73.2 69.2 70.1 71.1 75.0

% of pop. 18-24 with

Early leavers from at most lower sec.

education and training educ. and not in further education or

training 13.8 11.0 9.8 b 10.1 8.8 9.5 11.2 11.0 10.7 less than 10

Tertiary educational % completion of attainment tertiary or equivalent

education (30-34) 35.2 42.7 43.8 b 42.7 45.6 47.0 37.9 38.7 39.1 40.0 Overall employment % change from growth previous year 2.2 b 0.1 0.3 0.0 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.5

Employment rate of % of female women population aged 20 -

64 56.0 62.1 62.9 63.0 63.0 63.5 64.3 65.3

Employment rate of men % of male population

aged 20 - 64 75.5 72.3 71.6 71.3 72.3 75.0 75.9 76.9 Employment rate of % of population aged older workers 55 - 64 26.3 41.7 42.7 44.0 45.4 51.8 53.3 55.3

difference in the employment rate

Employment gender gap between men and women in percentage points 19.5 10.2 8.7 8.3 9.3 11.5 11.6 11.6

Employment rate of % of population aged young persons 20 - 29 68.3 57.9 57.8 57.6 57.6 60.2 61.4 62.6

% of population with Employment rate of low at most lower skilled persons secondary education

aged 20 - 64 51.2 46.8 46.6 b 45.6 45.6 51.8 52.6 53.6

Employment rate of non% of population with EU nationals non-EU citizenship

aged 20 - 64 : 39.9 40.5 42.7 41.7 56.4 56.7 56.6

Part-time employment % of total employment 20.7 u 24.6 24.0 24.6 25.0 20.3 20.3

Temporary employees % of total employees 9.0 8.1 8.6 9.0 9.1 13.9 14.1

Overall unemployment % of labour force

rate 6.9 8.4 8.5 8.5 7.8 10.2 9.4 8.5

Long-term % of labour force

unemployment 3.8 3.9 4.3 4.4 4.0 5.0 4.5 4.0 Youth unemployment % of youth labour rate force (15-24) 15.2 23.7 23.2 22.1 20.1 22.2 20.3 18.7

Youth NEET rate % of population aged 15-24 17.7 12.7 12.0 12.2 9.9 12.5 12.0 11.5

Labour productivity per EU-27 = 100 (based on person employed PPS per employed

person) 136.2 130.2 131.0 130.1 : 100.0 100.0

Labour productivity per EU-27 = 100 (based on hour worked PPS per hour worked)

144.8 136.0 137.1 136.5 : 100.0 100.0 Nominal unit labour cost % change from growth previous year 0.3 2.2 -0.2 -0.5 0.2 0.6 0.3 Real unit labour cost % change from growth previous year -1.7 1.0 -0.8 -1.4 -1.4 -0.5 -1.0 Gender pay gap : 7.5 6.6 6.5 : 16.7 16.3 : Involuntary temporary as % of total employment employees 7.1 u 6.3 6.6 7.2 7.0 8.7 u 8.8 u 8.8 u

share of people in

Newly employed current job 12 months

or less in total employment 14.3 11.6 12.0 11.9 12.4 13.8 14.3 14.6

At-risk-of-poverty rate of unemployed : 46.2 b 42.9 40.7 : 47.3 47.5 : unemployment trap - tax rate on low wage earners : 93.3 92.8 92.0 : 74.0 74.0 : Inactivity and part-time work due to personal and family responisibilities : 4.3 4.3 4.4 4.6 5.2 5.3 5.4

Job vacancy rate % change over the

recent 3 years : 2.2 2.4 2.4 2.5 1.4 1.5 1.7 Share of adult

population with upper age 25-64

secondary or tertiary education 58.5 72.8 73.6 b 74.7 75.1 75.9 76.5 77.0

Percentage of adult population participating age 25-64 in education and training

• : 

  6.9 7.4 6.9 7.0 10.8 10.7 10.8 Source: Eurostat database (labour market statistics, national accounts), National Reform Programmes

Notes: b - break in series, p - provisional, c - confidental, e - estimated, n - not siginifcant, f - forecast, s - Eurostat estimate, z - not applicable, u - unreliable, ":" - not available

• 3. 

  Key employment challenges Belgium, June 2017

Employment Key employment challenge Particularly good

policy area labour market outcome

• 1. 

  Increase Low labour market participation of people with a migrant

labour market background

participation Duration of working life is below the EU average,

particularly for men. The employment rate is also below the EU average for men and for the low skilled.

• 2. 

  Enhancing labour market functioning; combating segmentation

• 3. 

  Active labour Number of participants in

market policies activation measures is higher than EU average.

• 4. 

  Adequate and Unemployment traps and tax rates on low wage earners In-work-poverty risk significantly

employment significantly higher than EU average. below the EU average.

oriented social security systems

• 5. 

  Work-life Significant heterogeneity in the uptake of early child

balance education and care (ECEC)

• 6. 

  Job creation Tax wedge on labour cost significantly higher than EU

  average though decreasing.

• 7. 

  Gender Inactivity and low-wage traps for the second earners Gender pay gap significantly

equality significantly higher than EU average. below the EU average.

• 8. 

  Improving skill supply and productivity;

Lifelong learning

• 9. 

  Improving Significant and longstanding educational inequalities

education and linked to socio-economic and migrant background

training systems

• 10. 

  Wage setting mechanisms and labour cost developments

BULGARIA

• 1. 

  Progress towards the national employment rate target

DG B 1C EN

• 2. 

  Key indicators on labour market performance

Bulgaria

2020 national 2014 2015 2016 2020 EU Indicator Unit 2000 2013 2014 2015 2016 target EU28-total target

% of population aged

Overall employment rate 20 - 64 55.3 63.5 65.1 67.1 67.7 76.0 69.2 70.1 71.1 75.0

% of pop. 18-24 with

Early leavers from at most lower sec. education and training educ. and not in

further education or training : 12.5 12.9 13.4 13.8 11.0 11.2 11.0 10.7 less than 10

Tertiary educational % completion of attainment tertiary or equivalent

education (30-34) 19.5 29.4 30.9 32.1 33.8 36.0 37.9 38.7 39.1 40.0 Overall employment % change from growth previous year : -0.2 1.3 1.6 -0.7 1.0 1.1 1.5

Employment rate of % of female women population aged 20 -

64 50.7 60.7 62.0 63.8 64.0 63.5 64.3 65.3

Employment rate of men % of male population

aged 20 - 64 60.2 66.4 68.1 70.4 71.3 75.0 75.9 76.9 Employment rate of % of population aged older workers 55 - 64 20.8 47.4 50.0 53.0 54.5 51.8 53.3 55.3

difference in the employment rate

Employment gender gap between men and women in percentage points 9.5 5.7 6.1 6.6 7.3 11.5 11.6 11.6

Employment rate of % of population aged young persons 20 - 29 46.2 48.5 50.0 52.0 51.1 60.2 61.4 62.6

% of population with Employment rate of low at most lower skilled persons secondary education

aged 20 - 64 37.5 36.9 38.6 39.0 39.2 51.8 52.6 53.6

Employment rate of non% of population with EU nationals non-EU citizenship

aged 20 - 64 : 49.4 u 56.5 u : :u 55.1 u 56.4 56.7 56.6

Part-time employment % of total employment : 2.6 2.6 2.4 2.2 20.3 20.3

Temporary employees % of total employees : 5.6 5.3 4.4 4.1 13.9 14.1 Overall unemployment

rate % of labour force 16.4 13.0 11.4 9.2 7.6 10.2 9.4 8.5

Long-term

unemployment % of labour force 9.6 7.4 6.9 5.6 4.5 5.0 4.5 4.0

Youth unemployment % of youth labour rate force (15-24) 33.3 28.4 23.8 21.6 17.2 22.2 20.3 18.7

% of population aged

Youth NEET rate 15-24 : 21.6 20.2 19.3 18.2 12.5 12.0 11.5

EU-27 = 100 (based on

Labour productivity per PPS per employed person employed person) 31.4 43.0 p 43.5 p 44.2 p : 100.0 100.0

Labour productivity per EU-27 = 100 (based on hour worked PPS per hour worked)

32.4 42.5 p 43.1 p 43.7 p : 100.0 100.0 Nominal unit labour cost % change from growth previous year 2.1 7.4 4.6 2.3 1.6 0.6 0.3 Real unit labour cost % change from growth previous year -4.7 8.2 4.1 0.1 2.0 -0.5 -1.0 Gender pay gap : 14.1 14.2 15.4 : 16.7 16.3 : Involuntary temporary as % of total employment employees : 4.0 3.4 3.1 2.8 8.7 u 8.8 u 8.8 u

share of people in

Newly employed current job 12 months

or less in total employment : 12.4 11.5 10.7 10.5 13.8 14.3 14.6

At-risk-of-poverty rate of unemployed : 47.6 50.2 53.3 : 47.3 47.5 : unemployment trap - tax rate on low wage earners : 81.6 81.6 81.6 : 74.0 74.0 : Inactivity and part-time work due to personal and family responisibilities : 2.5 2.5 2.6 2.8 5.2 5.3 5.4

Job vacancy rate % change over the

recent 3 years : 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.8 1.4 1.5 1.7 Share of adult

population with upper age 25-64

secondary or tertiary education 67.5 81.8 81.1 81.9 82.3 75.9 76.5 77.0

Percentage of adult population participating age 25-64 in education and training

• : 

  2.0 2.1 2.0 2.2 10.8 10.7 10.8 Source: Eurostat database (labour market statistics, national accounts), National Reform Programmes

Notes: b - break in series, p - provisional, c - confidental, e - estimated, n - not siginifcant, f - forecast, s - Eurostat estimate, z - not applicable, u - unreliable, ":" - not available

• 3. 

  Key employment challenges Bulgaria, June 2017

Employment Key employment challenge Particularly good

policy area labour market outcome

• 1. 

  Increase Employment rate for men, younger workers and lowlabour

market skilled is low, with some positive developments for men.

participation The activity rate is low. The youth NEET rate is significantly higher than the EU-average, with some

positive developments. The duration of working life is below EU average, with some positive developments for men.

• 2. 

  Enhancing Share of newly employed, including young people, and Share of employees working in

labour market hiring rate below EU average. involuntary fixed-term or part-time

functioning; contracts below EU average. combating Persistently high levels of undeclared work.

segmentation

• 3. 

  Active labour Share of long-term unemployed in total unemployment is

market policies very high. Participation in activation measures is low.

Active labour market policies are insufficiently targeted.

• 4. 

  Adequate and Low coverage and adequacy of social benefits and no Net replacement rates after 6

employment adjustment mechanism in place. Insufficient links months higher than the EU

oriented social between employment and social services for benefit average. recipients.

security systems

• 5. 

  Work-life Uptake of childcare low with negative developments. balance

• 6. 

  Job creation

• 7. 

  Gender equality

• 8. 

  Improving skill Participation of adults in education and training below

supply and the EU average (for both unemployed and employed

productivity; adults).

Lifelong learning High skills mismatch and shortages, including regional

and sectoral mismatches.

• 9. 

  Improving Low educational outcomes and significant educational

education and inequalities linked to socio-economic status.

training systems Early school leaving above EU average and increasing.

• 10. 

  Wage setting Lack of an objective mechanism for minimum wage

mechanisms and setting.

labour cost developments

CZECH REPUBLIC

• 1. 

  Progress towards the national employment rate target

DG B 1C EN

• 2. 

  Key indicators on labour market performance

Czech Republic

2020 national 2014 2015 2016 2020 EU Indicator Unit 2000 2013 2014 2015 2016 target EU28-total target

% of population aged Overall employment rate

20 - 64 71.0 72.5 73.5 74.8 76.7 75.0 69.2 70.1 71.1 75.0 % of pop. 18-24 with at most lower sec.

Early leavers from educ. and not in

education and training further education or training : 5.4 b 5.5 6.2 6.6 5.5 11.2 11.0 10.7 less than 10 % completion of

Tertiary educational tertiary or equivalent

attainment education (30-34) 13.7 26.7 28.2 30.1 32.8 32.0 37.9 38.7 39.1 40.0

Overall employment % change from growth previous year -0.6 0.8 0.8 1.0 1.7 1.0 1.1 1.5

% of female Employment rate of

population aged 20 - women

64 61.9 63.8 64.7 66.4 68.6 63.5 64.3 65.3 % of male population

Employment rate of men aged 20 - 64 80.2 81.0 82.2 83.0 84.6 75.0 75.9 76.9

Employment rate of % of population aged older workers 55 - 64 36.3 51.6 54.0 55.5 58.5 51.8 53.3 55.3

difference in the employment rate

Employment gender gap between men and women in percentage points 18.3 17.2 17.5 16.6 16.0 11.5 11.6 11.6

Employment rate of % of population aged young persons 20 - 29 66.0 59.1 60.2 61.8 63.4 60.2 61.4 62.6

% of population with Employment rate of low at most lower skilled persons secondary education

aged 20 - 64 45.8 40.4 41.6 40.2 43.7 51.8 52.6 53.6 % of population with

Employment rate of nonnon-EU citizenship

EU nationals aged 20 - 64 : 79.1 78.6 76.0 78.0 56.4 56.7 56.6

Part-time employment % of total employment 5.3 6.5 6.2 6.1 6.6 20.3 20.3

Temporary employees % of total employees 7.2 9.1 9.7 10.0 9.7 13.9 14.1

Overall unemployment % of labour force

rate 8.8 7.0 6.1 5.1 4.0 10.2 9.4 8.5 Long-term

% of labour force unemployment 4.2 3.0 2.7 2.4 1.7 5.0 4.5 4.0 Youth unemployment % of youth labour rate force (15-24) 17.0 19.0 15.9 12.6 10.5 22.2 20.3 18.7

% of population aged Youth NEET rate

15-24 : 9.1 b 8.1 7.5 7.0 12.5 12.0 11.5 EU-27 = 100 (based on

Labour productivity per PPS per employed

person employed person) 66.5 76.7 79.3 79.9 : 100.0 100.0

Labour productivity per EU-27 = 100 (based on hour worked PPS per hour worked)

59.5 70.8 72.7 74.1 : 100.0 100.0 Nominal unit labour cost % change from growth previous year 2.2 0.5 0.4 -0.5 2.5 0.6 0.3 Real unit labour cost % change from growth previous year 0.5 -0.9 -2.0 -1.5 1.3 -0.5 -1.0 Gender pay gap : 22.3 22.5 22.5 : 16.7 16.3 : Involuntary temporary as % of total employment employees : 7.5 8.0 8.4 7.8 8.7 u 8.8 u 8.8 u

share of people in

Newly employed current job 12 months

or less in total employment 4.6 10.3 10.8 11.1 11.3 13.8 14.3 14.6

At-risk-of-poverty rate of unemployed : 44.5 47.8 48.7 : 47.3 47.5 : unemployment trap - tax rate on low wage earners : 80.1 80.2 80.3 : 74.0 74.0 : Inactivity and part-time work due to personal and family responisibilities : 5.1 5.0 5.2 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4

% change over the Job vacancy rate

recent 3 years : 0.9 1.1 1.5 2.1 1.4 1.5 1.7 Share of adult population with upper

age 25-64 secondary or tertiary education 86.1 92.8 93.2 93.2 93.4 75.9 76.5 77.0

Percentage of adult population participating age 25-64 in education and training

• : 

  10.0 b 9.6 8.5 8.8 10.8 10.7 10.8 Source: Eurostat database (labour market statistics, national accounts), National Reform Programmes

Notes: b - break in series, p - provisional, c - confidental, e - estimated, n - not siginifcant, f - forecast, s - Eurostat estimate, z - not applicable, u - unreliable, ":" - not available

• 3. 

  Key employment challenges Czech Republic, June 2017

Employment Key employment challenge Particularly good

policy area labour market outcome

• 1. 

  Increase Employment rate of low-skilled workers is low. Employment rate of men 20-64 is

labour market high. Employment rate of non-EU

participation nationals is high.

NEET is low, in particular for men.

Unemployment, in particular for

youth, is low.

• 2. 

  Enhancing labour market functioning; combating segmentation

• 3. 

  Active labour Limitations in the efficiency and effectiveness of the

market policies public employment service

• 4. 

  Adequate and Net replacement rate for unemployed is low. Large poverty-reducing impact of

employment social transfers, in particular for

oriented social reducing in-work poverty.

security systems

• 5. 

  Work-life The uptake of childcare is low, especially for children

balance below 3 years old. Negative employment impact of parenthood, especially

on women, is high. Female inactivity due to looking after children and incapacitated adults is high.

• 6. 

  Job creation

• 7. 

  Gender Gender employment gap is high, in particular for young

equality women (20-29). High gender pay gap.

• 8. 

  Improving skill supply and productivity;

Lifelong learning

• 9. 

  Improving Low attractiveness of the teaching profession. High share of the adult population

education and Large difference in the employment rate between that has attained at least upper

training systems medium and low skilled workers. secondary education (but decreasing for young people).

• 10. 

  Wage setting mechanisms and labour cost developments

DENMARK

• 1. 

  Progress towards the national employment rate target

DG B 1C EN

• 2. 

  Key indicators on labour market performance

Denmark

2020 national 2014 2015 2016 2020 EU Indicator Unit 2000 2013 2014 2015 2016 target EU28-total target

% of population aged Overall employment rate

20 - 64 78.0 75.6 75.9 76.5 77.4 b 80.0 69.2 70.1 71.1 75.0

% of pop. 18-24 with

at most lower sec.

Early leavers from

education and training educ. and not in

further education or training 11.7 8.0 7.8 7.8 7.2 b less than 10 11.2 11.0 10.7 less than 10 % completion of

Tertiary educational tertiary or equivalent

attainment education (30-34) 32.1 43.4 44.9 47.6 47.7 b at least 40 37.9 38.7 39.1 40.0

Overall employment % change from growth previous year 0.5 b 0.0 0.7 1.4 2.6 b 1.0 1.1 1.5

% of female Employment rate of

population aged 20 - women

64 72.9 72.4 72.2 72.6 74.0 b 63.5 64.3 65.3

Employment rate of men % of male population

aged 20 - 64 82.9 78.7 79.5 80.2 80.7 b 75.0 75.9 76.9 Employment rate of % of population aged older workers 55 - 64 55.7 61.7 63.2 64.7 67.8 b 51.8 53.3 55.3

difference in the employment rate

Employment gender gap between men and women in percentage points 10.0 6.3 7.3 7.6 6.7 b 11.5 11.6 11.6

Employment rate of % of population aged young persons 20 - 29 77.2 67.7 67.6 69.2 69.6 b 60.2 61.4 62.6

% of population with Employment rate of low at most lower skilled persons secondary education

aged 20 - 64 64.1 59.6 59.6 59.2 61.8 b 51.8 52.6 53.6 % of population with

Employment rate of nonnon-EU citizenship

EU nationals aged 20 - 64 : 58.0 56.2 56.4 61.3 b 56.4 56.7 56.6

Part-time employment % of total employment 21.7 25.4 25.5 25.4 27.5 b 20.3 20.3

Temporary employees % of total employees 10.2 8.8 8.6 8.7 13.5 b 13.9 14.1 Overall unemployment

% of labour force rate 4.3 7.0 6.6 6.2 6.2 10.2 9.4 8.5

Long-term % of labour force

unemployment 1.0 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.4 5.0 4.5 4.0 Youth unemployment % of youth labour rate force (15-24) 6.7 13.1 12.6 10.8 12.0 b 22.2 20.3 18.7

% of population aged Youth NEET rate

15-24 4.7 6.0 5.8 6.2 5.8 b 12.5 12.0 11.5

Labour productivity per EU-27 = 100 (based on

PPS per employed person employed

person) 108.4 115.4 114.8 114.5 : 100.0 100.0

Labour productivity per EU-27 = 100 (based on hour worked PPS per hour worked)

125.3 131.7 132.2 131.9 : 100.0 100.0 Nominal unit labour cost % change from growth previous year 0.1 0.6 0.8 1.1 2.4 0.6 0.3 Real unit labour cost % change from growth previous year -2.8 -0.3 0.1 0.2 2.4 -0.5 -1.0 Gender pay gap : 16.5 16.0 15.1 : 16.7 16.3 : Involuntary temporary as % of total employment employees 4.2 4.4 4.6 3.8 5.0 b 8.7 u 8.8 u 8.8 u

share of people in current job 12 months

Newly employed or less in total employment 24.3 22.1 22.7 22.6 24.3 b 13.8 14.3 14.6

At-risk-of-poverty rate of unemployed : 33.1 27.5 37.6 : 47.3 47.5 : unemployment trap - tax rate on low wage earners : 89.4 89.6 89.3 : 74.0 74.0 : Inactivity and part-time work due to personal and family responisibilities : 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.8 b 5.2 5.3 5.4

% change over the Job vacancy rate

recent 3 years : 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.6 1.4 1.5 1.7 Share of adult

population with upper age 25-64

secondary or tertiary education 78.5 78.3 79.6 80.4 80.7 b 75.9 76.5 77.0

Percentage of adult population participating age 25-64 in education and training

• : 

  31.4 31.9 31.3 27.7 b 10.8 10.7 10.8 Source: Eurostat database (labour market statistics, national accounts), National Reform Programmes

Notes: b - break in series, p - provisional, c - confidental, e - estimated, n - not siginifcant, f - forecast, s - Eurostat estimate, z - not applicable, u - unreliable, ":" - not available

• 3. 

  Key employment challenges Denmark, June 2017

  Employment Key employment challenge Particularly Good labour market

  policy area outcome

• 1. 

  Increase labour The labour market potential of immigrants from The rate of young NEETs (15-24) is

market outside the EU remains underutilised significantly lower than the EU average,

participation this is particularly the case for women.

• 2. 

  Enhancing The transition rate from temporary to

labour market permanent employment is significantly

functioning; higher than EU average

combating The percentage of newly employed and newly self-employed is high

segmentation The hiring rate is significantly higher than

the EU average.

• 3. 

  Active labour The participation in activation measures is

market policies significantly higher than the EU average.

• 4. 

  Adequate and The unemployment trap is higher than EU The net replacement rate is significantly

employment average. better than EU average

oriented social security systems

• 5. 

  Work-life The rate of inactivity and part-time work

balance due to family responsibilities (particularly for women) is significantly lower than the

EU average.

Childcare (3 to mandatory school) above 30 hours is significantly above EU average.

• 6. 

  Job creation

• 7. 

  Gender equality The employment gender gap (aged 30-54) has

  increased significantly*

  The inactivity trap for second member of a couple is higher than the EU average.

• 8. 

  Improving skill The share of participants in lifelong

supply and Efficiency of education spending learning and education and training are

productivity; higher than EU average (25-64). The public spending on human resources

Lifelong learning (as % of GDP) is significantly higher than

the EU average.

• 9. 

  Improving education and training systems

• 10. 

  Wage setting mechanisms and labour cost developments

• * 

  Breaks in the relevant LFS series.

GERMANY

• 1. 

  Progress towards the national employment rate target

DG B 1C EN

• 2. 

  Key indicators on labour market performance

Germany

2020 national 2014 2015 2016 2020 EU Indicator Unit 2000 2013 2014 2015 2016 target EU28-total target

% of population aged Overall employment rate

20 - 64 68.7 e 77.3 77.7 78.0 78.7 77.0 69.2 70.1 71.1 75.0

% of pop. 18-24 with

at most lower sec.

Early leavers from

educ. and not in

education and training

further education or

training 14.6 u 9.8 9.5 10.1 10.2 less than 10 11.2 11.0 10.7 less than 10

% completion of

Tertiary educational

tertiary or equivalent

attainment

education (30-34) 25.7 32.9 31.4 32.3 33.2 42.0 37.9 38.7 39.1 40.0

Overall employment % change from

growth previous year 0.5 e 0.8 0.7 0.7 2.8 1.0 1.1 1.5

% of female

Employment rate of

population aged 20 -

women

64 60.8 e 72.5 73.1 73.6 74.5 63.5 64.3 65.3

% of male population

Employment rate of men

aged 20 - 64 76.5 e 82.1 82.2 82.3 82.8 75.0 75.9 76.9

Employment rate of % of population aged

older workers 55 - 64 37.3 e 63.6 65.6 66.2 68.6 51.8 53.3 55.3

difference in the

employment rate

Employment gender gap between men and

women in percentage

points 15.7 e 9.6 9.1 8.7 8.3 11.5 11.6 11.6

Employment rate of % of population aged

young persons 20 - 29 70.6 71.2 71.2 71.4 71.7 60.2 61.4 62.6

% of population with

Employment rate of low at most lower

skilled persons secondary education

aged 20 - 64 52.7 58.3 58.0 58.5 59.0 51.8 52.6 53.6

% of population with

Employment rate of nonnon-EU

citizenship

EU nationals

aged 20 - 64 : 57.9 57.7 57.0 54.5 56.4 56.7 56.6

Part-time employment % of total employment 19.4 27.5 27.5 27.8 27.8 20.3 20.3

Temporary employees % of total employees 12.8 13.4 13.1 13.2 13.2 13.9 14.1

Overall unemployment % of labour force

rate 7.9 5.2 5.0 4.6 4.1 10.2 9.4 8.5 Long-term

% of labour force unemployment : 2.3 2.2 2.0 1.7 5.0 4.5 4.0 Youth unemployment % of youth labour rate force (15-24) 8.5 7.8 7.7 7.2 7.0 22.2 20.3 18.7

% of population aged Youth NEET rate

15-24 7.7 6.3 6.4 6.2 6.6 12.5 12.0 11.5 EU-27 = 100 (based on

Labour productivity per PPS per employed

person employed person) 109.7 104.8 106.2 105.9 : 100.0 100.0

Labour productivity per EU-27 = 100 (based on hour worked PPS per hour worked)

128.1 125.2 126.5 126.1 : 100.0 100.0 Nominal unit labour cost % change from growth previous year 0.7 1.9 2.0 1.6 1.5 0.6 0.3 Real unit labour cost % change from growth previous year 1.1 0.0 0.2 -0.3 0.0 -0.5 -1.0 Gender pay gap : 22.1 22.3 22.0 p : 16.7 16.3 : Involuntary temporary as % of total employment employees 2.1 u : : : : 8.7 u 8.8 u 8.8 u

share of people in

Newly employed current job 12 months

or less in total employment 15.3 14.0 13.9 14.0 14.3 13.8 14.3 14.6

At-risk-of-poverty rate of unemployed : 69.3 67.4 69.1 : 47.3 47.5 : unemployment trap - tax rate on low wage earners : 73.0 73.0 73.1 : 74.0 74.0 : Inactivity and part-time work due to personal and family responisibilities : 6.7 6.7 6.9 7.1 5.2 5.3 5.4

% change over the Job vacancy rate

recent 3 years : 2.2 2.3 2.3 2.4 1.4 1.5 1.7 Share of adult population with upper

age 25-64 secondary or tertiary education 81.3 86.7 86.9 86.8 86.5 75.9 76.5 77.0

Percentage of adult population participating age 25-64 in education and training

• : 

  7.9 8.0 8.1 8.5 10.8 10.7 10.8 Source: Eurostat database (labour market statistics, national accounts), National Reform Programmes

Notes: b - break in series, p - provisional, c - confidental, e - estimated, n - not siginifcant, f - forecast, s - Eurostat estimate, z - not applicable, u - unreliable, ":" - not available

• 3. 

  Key employment challenges Germany, June 2017

Employment policy Key employment challenge Particularly good labour

area market outcome

• 1. 

  Increase labour The employment rate of non-EU nationals aged 20-64 The employment rate is high, in market participation men has a significantly negative development particular for young people and

  older workers.

  The youth unemployment ratio and NEET rate are at very low levels.

• 2. 

  Enhancing labour market functioning; combating segmentation

• 3. 

  Active labour market policies

• 4. 

  Adequate and High at risk of poverty for the (long-term) unemployed employment oriented

social security Increasing in-work poverty.

systems

• 5. 

  Work-life balance Part-time work due to family responsibilities is higher

  than the EU-average and increasing. Negative employment impact of parenthood.

• 6. 

  Job creation High tax wedge on low wage earners. High and increasing number of

  vacancies.

• 7. 

  Gender equality Significant low-wage and inactivity traps for second Decreasing gender employment gap

  earners.

  Persistently high gender pay gap.

• 8. 

  Improving skill Skills supply bottlenecks for high-skilled workers. supply and productivity; Lifelong learning

• 9. 

  Improving Educational outcomes continue to depend on socioeducation and training economic and migrant background, while results in systems PISA 2015 remained fairly stable overall

• 10. 

  Wage setting mechanisms and labour cost developments

ESTONIA

• 1. 

  Progress towards the national employment rate target

DG B 1C EN

• 2. 

  Key indicators on labour market performance

Estonia

2020 national 2014 2015 2016 2020 EU Indicator Unit 2000 2013 2014 2015 2016 target EU28-total target

Overall employment rate % of population aged

20 - 64 66.6 b 73.3 74.3 76.5 76.6 76.0 69.2 70.1 71.1 75.0

% of pop. 18-24 with

at most lower sec.

Early leavers from

educ. and not in

education and training

further education or

training 15.1 b 9.7 12.0 12.2 10.9 9.5 11.2 11.0 10.7 less than 10

% completion of

Tertiary educational

tertiary or equivalent

attainment

education (30-34) 30.4 b 42.5 43.2 45.3 45.4 40.0 37.9 38.7 39.1 40.0

Overall employment % change from

growth previous year 0.0 be 1.0 0.5 2.2 -0.2 1.0 1.1 1.5

% of female

Employment rate of

population aged 20 -

women

64 62.8 b 70.1 70.6 72.6 72.6 63.5 64.3 65.3

% of male population

Employment rate of men

aged 20 - 64 70.8 b 76.7 78.3 80.5 80.8 75.0 75.9 76.9

Employment rate of % of population aged

older workers 55 - 64 45.0 b 62.6 64.0 64.5 65.2 51.8 53.3 55.3

difference in the

employment rate

Employment gender gap between men and

women in percentage

points 8.0 b 6.6 7.7 7.9 8.2 11.5 11.6 11.6

Employment rate of % of population aged

young persons 20 - 29 64.3 b 62.9 65.5 69.6 68.7 60.2 61.4 62.6

% of population with

Employment rate of low at most lower

skilled persons secondary education

aged 20 - 64 41.2 b 56.9 59.4 57.7 61.8 51.8 52.6 53.6

% of population with

Employment rate of nonnon-EU

citizenship

EU nationals

aged 20 - 64 : 67.0 66.7 70.1 68.2 56.4 56.7 56.6

Part-time employment % of total employment 7.5 b 10.2 9.6 10.8 11.2 20.3 20.3

Temporary employees % of total employees 2.0 b 3.5 3.1 3.4 3.7 13.9 14.1 Overall unemployment

% of labour force rate 14.6 8.6 7.4 6.2 6.8 10.2 9.4 8.5 Long-term

% of labour force unemployment 6.7 3.8 3.3 2.4 2.1 5.0 4.5 4.0 Youth unemployment % of youth labour rate force (15-24) 21.1 b 18.7 15.0 13.1 13.4 22.2 20.3 18.7

% of population aged Youth NEET rate

15-24 14.7 11.3 11.7 10.8 9.1 12.5 12.0 11.5 EU-27 = 100 (based on

Labour productivity per PPS per employed

person employed person) 43.9 73.2 73.7 71.1 : 100.0 100.0

Labour productivity per EU-27 = 100 (based on hour worked PPS per hour worked)

37.6 63.8 64.5 62.5 : 100.0 100.0 Nominal unit labour cost % change from growth previous year 1.8 4.5 2.2 7.2 5.9 0.6 0.3 Real unit labour cost % change from growth previous year -1.9 0.6 0.4 6.1 3.4 -0.5 -1.0 Gender pay gap : 29.8 28.1 26.9 : 16.7 16.3 : Involuntary temporary as % of total employment employees 1.5 bu 1.2 u 0.9 u 1.0 u 0.9 u 8.7 u 8.8 u 8.8 u

share of people in current job 12 months

Newly employed or less in total employment 19.2 b 16.4 16.5 16.3 16.7 13.8 14.3 14.6

At-risk-of-poverty rate of unemployed : 54.8 54.7 b 54.8 : 47.3 47.5 : unemployment trap - tax rate on low wage earners : 63.7 63.7 62.9 : 74.0 74.0 : Inactivity and part-time work due to personal and family responisibilities : 4.5 4.3 4.2 4.8 5.2 5.3 5.4

Job vacancy rate % change over the

recent 3 years : 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.6 1.4 1.5 1.7 Share of adult population with upper

age 25-64 secondary or tertiary education 85.8 b 90.6 88.2 88.7 89.1 75.9 76.5 77.0

Percentage of adult population participating age 25-64 in education and training

• : 

  12.6 11.6 12.4 15.7 10.8 10.7 10.8 Source: Eurostat database (labour market statistics, national accounts), National Reform Programmes

Notes: b - break in series, p - provisional, c - confidental, e - estimated, n - not siginifcant, f - forecast, s - Eurostat estimate, z - not applicable, u - unreliable, ":" - not available

• 3. 

  Key employment challenges Estonia, June 2017

Employment Key employment challenge Particularly good

policy area labour market outcome

• 1. 

  Increase High employment rates for both

labour market women and men.

participation

• 2. 

  Enhancing Low share of employees in

labour market involuntary temporary contracts.

functioning; Low and decreasing share of combating long-term unemployed. segmentation

• 3. 

  Active labour market policies

• 4. 

  Adequate and Lack of good quality service provision, especially of

employment transport services, has an impact on labour market participation.

oriented social security systems

• 5. 

  Work-life High impact of parenthood on employment (in particular

balance for women).

• 6. 

  Job creation

• 7. 

  Gender High (although declining) gender pay gap. equality

• 8. 

  Improving skill supply and productivity;

Lifelong learning

• 9. 

  Improving Low share of low-achievers in

education and reading, mathematics and

training systems science.

• 10. 

  Wage setting mechanisms and labour cost developments

IRELAND

• 1. 

  Progress towards the national employment rate target

DG B 1C EN

• 2. 

  Key indicators on labour market performance

Ireland

2020 national 2014 2015 2016 2020 EU Indicator Unit 2000 2013 2014 2015 2016 target EU28-total target

% of population aged Overall employment rate

20 - 64 70.4 65.5 67.0 68.7 70.3 69-71 69.2 70.1 71.1 75.0

% of pop. 18-24 with

at most lower sec.

Early leavers from

educ. and not in

education and training

further education or

training : 8.4 6.9 6.9 6.3 8.0 11.2 11.0 10.7 less than 10

% completion of

Tertiary educational

tertiary or equivalent

attainment

education (30-34) 27.5 52.6 52.2 52.3 52.9 60.0 37.9 38.7 39.1 40.0

Overall employment % change from

growth previous year 4.9 e 2.1 1.5 2.3 2.8 1.0 1.1 1.5

% of female

Employment rate of

population aged 20 -

women

64 57.9 60.3 61.2 62.6 64.2 63.5 64.3 65.3

Employment rate of men % of male population

aged 20 - 64 82.8 70.9 73.0 75.1 76.5 75.0 75.9 76.9 Employment rate of % of population aged older workers 55 - 64 45.3 51.3 53.0 55.6 57.2 51.8 53.3 55.3

difference in the employment rate

Employment gender gap between men and women in percentage points 24.9 10.6 11.8 12.5 12.3 11.5 11.6 11.6

Employment rate of % of population aged young persons 20 - 29 76.7 59.7 59.8 61.6 65.0 60.2 61.4 62.6

% of population with Employment rate of low at most lower skilled persons secondary education

aged 20 - 64 56.4 46.2 45.9 48.1 49.0 51.8 52.6 53.6 % of population with

Employment rate of nonnon-EU citizenship

EU nationals aged 20 - 64 : 54.5 54.7 55.3 59.1 56.4 56.7 56.6

Part-time employment % of total employment 16.7 24.0 23.4 22.7 22.5 20.3 20.3

Temporary employees % of total employees 5.3 10.0 9.3 8.7 8.2 13.9 14.1 Overall unemployment

% of labour force rate 4.3 13.1 11.3 9.4 7.9 10.2 9.4 8.5

Long-term % of labour force

unemployment 1.6 7.8 6.6 5.3 4.2 5.0 4.5 4.0 Youth unemployment % of youth labour rate force (15-24) 6.5 26.8 23.9 20.9 17.2 22.2 20.3 18.7

% of population aged Youth NEET rate

15-24 : 16.1 15.2 14.3 13.0 12.5 12.0 11.5 EU-27 = 100 (based on

Labour productivity per PPS per employed

person employed person) 132.1 141.6 145.1 185.9 : 100.0 100.0

Labour productivity per EU-27 = 100 (based on hour worked PPS per hour worked)

115.9 134.0 136.5 173.9 : 100.0 100.0 Nominal unit labour cost % change from growth previous year 2.5 2.8 -4.5 -16.5 1.1 0.6 0.3 Real unit labour cost % change from growth previous year -3.6 1.4 -3.4 -20.4 1.4 -0.5 -1.0 Gender pay gap : 12.9 13.9 : : 16.7 16.3 : Involuntary temporary as % of total employment employees 1.8 u 6.5 u 5.7 u 5.5 u 5.3 u 8.7 u 8.8 u 8.8 u

share of people in current job 12 months

Newly employed or less in total employment 21.6 13.9 14.6 15.1 15.9 13.8 14.3 14.6

At-risk-of-poverty rate of unemployed : 37.0 37.1 40.4 : 47.3 47.5 : unemployment trap - tax rate on low wage earners : 73.7 73.2 71.6 : 74.0 74.0 : Inactivity and part-time work due to personal and family responisibilities : 6.1 6.4 6.9 7.1 5.2 5.3 5.4

% change over the Job vacancy rate

recent 3 years : 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.4 1.5 1.7 Share of adult population with upper

age 25-64 secondary or tertiary education 57.6 76.7 78.8 79.8 80.1 75.9 76.5 77.0

Percentage of adult population participating age 25-64 in education and training

• : 

  7.6 6.9 6.5 6.4 10.8 10.7 10.8 Source: Eurostat database (labour market statistics, national accounts), National Reform Programmes

Notes: b - break in series, p - provisional, c - confidental, e - estimated, n - not siginifcant, f - forecast, s - Eurostat estimate, z - not applicable, u - unreliable, ":" - not available

• 3. 

  Key employment challenges Ireland, June 2017

Employment Key employment challenge Particularly good labour

policy area market outcome

• 1. 

  Increase labour

market

participation

• 2. 

  Enhancing labour market functioning; combating segmentation

• 3. 

  Active labour market policies

• 4. 

  Adequate and The in-work-poverty risk employment rate is significantly lower oriented social than the EU average. security systems

• 5. 

  Work-life Inactivity due to personal and family balance responsibilities significantly higher than EU

  average

  Availability of affordable and quality full-time child care hampers female labour market participation

• 6. 

  Job creation

• 7. 

  Gender equality

• 8. 

  Improving skill The percentage of employed adult population supply and (aged 25-64) participating in education and productivity; training is below the EU average.

Lifelong learning

Insufficient provision of appropriate re-skilling and up-skilling opportunities

• 9. 

  Improving Population with tertiary education and educational attainment is training systems the highest in the EU

• 10. 

  Wage setting mechanisms and labour cost developments

GREECE

• 1. 

  Progress towards the national employment rate target

DG B 1C EN

• 2. 

  Key indicators on labour market performance

Greece

2020 national 2014 2015 2016 2020 EU Indicator Unit 2000 2013 2014 2015 2016 target EU28-total target

% of population aged Overall employment rate

20 - 64 61.9 52.9 53.3 54.9 56.2 70.0 69.2 70.1 71.1 75.0

% of pop. 18-24 with

at most lower sec.

Early leavers from

educ. and not in

education and training

further education or

training 18.2 10.1 9.0 7.9 6.2 9.7 11.2 11.0 10.7 less than 10

% completion of

Tertiary educational

tertiary or equivalent

attainment

education (30-34) 25.4 34.9 37.2 40.4 42.7 32.0 37.9 38.7 39.1 40.0

Overall employment % change from

growth previous year 1.5 -4.9 0.6 2.0 1.8 1.0 1.1 1.5

% of female

Employment rate of

population aged 20 -

women

64 45.5 43.3 44.3 46.0 46.8 63.5 64.3 65.3

% of male population

Employment rate of men

aged 20 - 64 78.8 62.7 62.6 64.0 65.8 75.0 75.9 76.9

Employment rate of % of population aged

older workers 55 - 64 39.0 35.6 34.0 34.3 36.3 51.8 53.3 55.3

difference in the

employment rate

Employment gender gap between men and

women in percentage

points 33.3 19.4 18.3 18.0 19.0 11.5 11.6 11.6

Employment rate of % of population aged

young persons 20 - 29 57.6 36.7 38.3 40.3 41.0 60.2 61.4 62.6

% of population with

Employment rate of low at most lower

skilled persons secondary education

aged 20 - 64 57.0 45.8 46.5 48.1 48.1 51.8 52.6 53.6

% of population with

Employment rate of nonnon-EU

citizenship

EU nationals

aged 20 - 64 : 49.4 54.1 55.1 56.3 56.4 56.7 56.6

Part-time employment % of total employment 4.6 8.5 9.4 9.4 9.9 20.3 20.3

Temporary employees % of total employees 13.8 10.2 11.6 11.9 11.2 13.9 14.1 Overall unemployment % of labour force rate 11.2 27.5 26.5 24.9 23.6 10.2 9.4 8.5 Long-term % of labour force unemployment 6.2 18.5 19.5 18.2 17.0 5.0 4.5 4.0 Youth unemployment % of youth labour rate force (15-24) 29.2 58.3 52.4 49.8 47.3 22.2 20.3 18.7 % of population aged Youth NEET rate 15-24 16.9 20.4 19.1 17.2 15.8 12.5 12.0 11.5 EU-27 = 100 (based on Labour productivity per PPS per employed person employed person) 95.4 87.1 p 85.6 p 82.6 p : 100.0 100.0

Labour productivity per EU-27 = 100 (based on hour worked PPS per hour worked) 76.7 68.8 p 68.9 p 66.1 p : 100.0 100.0 Nominal unit labour cost % change from growth previous year 1.5 -6.9 -2.4 -2.2 2.1 0.6 0.3 Real unit labour cost % change from growth previous year -0.1 -4.6 -0.6 -1.2 2.0 -0.5 -1.0 Gender pay gap : : : : : 16.7 16.3 : Involuntary temporary as % of total employment employees 11.6 u 9.0 u 10.0 u 9.9 u 8.5 8.7 u 8.8 u 8.8 u share of people in current job 12 months Newly employed or less in total employment 10.3 8.6 10.6 10.7 10.2 13.8 14.3 14.6 At-risk-of-poverty rate of unemployed : 46.3 45.9 44.8 : 47.3 47.5 : unemployment trap - tax rate on low wage earners : 50.9 50.3 50.4 : 74.0 74.0 : Inactivity and part-time work due to personal and family responisibilities : 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.6 5.2 5.3 5.4 % change over the Job vacancy rate recent 3 years : 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 1.4 1.5 1.7 Share of adult population with upper age 25-64 secondary or tertiary education 51.6 67.2 68.4 70.4 71.8 75.9 76.5 77.0

Percentage of adult population participating age 25-64 in education and training : 3.2 3.2 3.3 4.0 10.8 10.7 10.8 Source: Eurostat database (labour market statistics, national accounts), National Reform Programmes Notes: b - break in series, p - provisional, c - confidental, e - estimated, n - not siginifcant, f - forecast, s - Eurostat estimate, z - not applicable, u - unreliable, ":" - not available

• 3. 

  Key employment challenges Greece, June 2017

Employment Key employment challenge Particularly good

policy area labour market outcome

• 1. 

  Increase Employment rate is significantly below the EU average.

labour market

participation Despite decreasing in recent years, youth unemployment is still high. High incidence of young

NEET but showing positive development.

• 2. 

  Enhancing High incidence of undeclared work. labour market functioning; combating segmentation

• 3. 

  Active labour Implementation of open-framework programmes missing

market policies from the ALMP delivery model. Still limited capacity of the Public Employment Service despite several

improvements .

Long-term unemployment is high.

• 4. 

  Adequate and Limited effectiveness of the social protection system,

employment including shortcomings of the unemployment insurance

oriented social scheme.

security systems At risk of in-work poverty is higher than the EU-average.

• 5. 

  Work-life Uptake of childcare is low. balance

• 6. 

  Job creation

• 7. 

  Gender High employment gender gap. equality

• 8. 

  Improving skill Still weak links of Vocational education and training,

supply and apprenticeships and lifelong learning with labour market

productivity; needs.

Lifelong learning Low participation in lifelong learning.

• 9. 

  Improving Insufficiently developed evaluation culture at all levels Significant reduction of early

education and and sectors of education school leavers.

training systems

• 10. 

  Wage setting mechanisms and labour cost developments

SPAIN

• 1. 

  Progress towards the national employment rate target

DG B 1C EN

• 2. 

  Key indicators on labour market performance

Spain

2020 national 2014 2015 2016 2020 EU Indicator Unit 2000 2013 2014 2015 2016 target EU28-total target

% of population aged Overall employment rate

20 - 64 60.7 58.6 59.9 62.0 63.9 74.0 69.2 70.1 71.1 75.0 % of pop. 18-24 with at most lower sec.

Early leavers from educ. and not in

education and training further education or training 29.1 23.6 21.9 20.0 19.0 15.0 11.2 11.0 10.7 less than 10 % completion of

Tertiary educational

attainment tertiary or equivalent

education (30-34) 29.2 42.3 42.3 40.9 40.1 44.0 37.9 38.7 39.1 40.0 Overall employment % change from growth previous year 5.6 -2.7 1.2 2.9 2.6 1.0 1.1 1.5

% of female Employment rate of

population aged 20 - women

64 44.5 53.8 54.8 56.4 58.1 63.5 64.3 65.3 % of male population

Employment rate of men aged 20 - 64 76.9 63.4 65.0 67.6 69.6 75.0 75.9 76.9

Employment rate of % of population aged older workers 55 - 64 37.0 43.2 44.3 46.9 49.1 51.8 53.3 55.3

difference in the employment rate

Employment gender gap between men and women in percentage points 32.4 9.6 10.2 11.2 11.5 11.5 11.6 11.6

Employment rate of % of population aged young persons 20 - 29 58.6 44.6 45.7 47.1 48.6 60.2 61.4 62.6

% of population with Employment rate of low at most lower skilled persons secondary education

aged 20 - 64 54.8 47.2 48.2 50.6 52.9 51.8 52.6 53.6

Employment rate of non% of population with

non-EU citizenship EU nationals

aged 20 - 64 : 50.0 51.8 55.0 57.4 56.4 56.7 56.6

Part-time employment % of total employment 8.1 15.8 15.9 15.7 15.2 20.3 20.3

Temporary employees % of total employees 32.4 23.2 24.0 25.2 26.1 13.9 14.1 Overall unemployment

% of labour force rate 11.9 26.1 24.5 22.1 19.6 10.2 9.4 8.5 Long-term

% of labour force unemployment 5.9 13.0 12.9 11.4 9.5 5.0 4.5 4.0 Youth unemployment % of youth labour rate force (15-24) 25.3 55.5 53.2 48.3 44.4 22.2 20.3 18.7

% of population aged Youth NEET rate

15-24 12.1 18.6 17.1 b 15.6 14.6 12.5 12.0 11.5 EU-27 = 100 (based on

Labour productivity per PPS per employed

person employed person) 102.1 103.5 103.2 p 101.5 p : 100.0 100.0

Labour productivity per EU-27 = 100 (based on hour worked PPS per hour worked)

98.8 99.5 99.1 p 97.1 p : 100.0 100.0 Nominal unit labour cost % change from growth previous year 2.5 -0.5 -0.4 0.2 0.2 0.6 0.3 Real unit labour cost % change from growth previous year -0.8 -0.8 -0.1 -0.3 -0.3 -0.5 -1.0 Gender pay gap : 17.8 14.9 14.9 p : 16.7 16.3 : Involuntary temporary as % of total employment employees 30.3 u 21.3 22.0 22.8 23.9 8.7 u 8.8 u 8.8 u

share of people in current job 12 months

Newly employed or less in total employment 22.1 15.1 16.7 17.7 18.3 13.8 14.3 14.6

At-risk-of-poverty rate of unemployed : 44.7 48.0 46.5 : 47.3 47.5 : unemployment trap - tax rate on low wage earners : 81.7 81.7 81.6 : 74.0 74.0 : Inactivity and part-time work due to personal and family responisibilities : 2.8 2.6 2.5 2.5 5.2 5.3 5.4

% change over the Job vacancy rate

recent 3 years : 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.7 1.4 1.5 1.7 Share of adult

population with upper age 25-64

secondary or tertiary education 38.6 55.5 56.6 57.4 58.3 75.9 76.5 77.0

Percentage of adult population participating age 25-64 in education and training

• : 

  11.4 10.1 b 9.9 9.4 10.8 10.7 10.8

Source: Eurostat database (labour market statistics, national accounts), National Reform Programmes Notes: b - break in series, p - provisional, c - confidental, e - estimated, n - not siginifcant, f - forecast, s - Eurostat estimate, z - not applicable, u - unreliable, ":" - not available

• 3. 

  Key employment challenges Spain, June 2017

Employment Key employment challenge Particularly good

policy area labour market outcome

• 1. 

  Increase Still low (though improving) employment rates, especially

labour market for young and older workers.

participation High (though decreasing) incidence of long-term

unemployment, youth unemployment and NEET.

• 2. 

  Enhancing Widespread use of temporary work, often of short High share of newly employed

labour market duration, associated to poorer working conditions and young people

functioning; higher poverty risks, and potentially affecting productivity growth

combating

segmentation Temporary employment is largely involuntary.

• 3. 

  Active labour High (though decreasing) numbers of long-term

market policies unemployment. Weak performance of the regional Public Employment

Services (PES) in providing adequate services to both employers and jobseekers

• 4. 

  Adequate and High share of people at-risk-of poverty in employment. employment oriented social security systems

• 5. 

  Work-life High impact of the lack of care facilities on inactivity or Low and decreasing inactivity and

balance part-time work for people with family responsibilities. part-time work due to personal and family responsibilities

• 6. 

  Job creation Weak labour demand (low available vacancies).

• 7. 

  Gender Increasing gender employment gap although still on Low and decreasing employment

equality average impact of parenthood for women

• 8. 

  Improving skill Skills mismatch between labour demand and supply

supply and Decreasing participation of adults to lifelong learning.

productivity;

Lifelong learning

• 9. 

  Improving High share of low-skilled people among the adult

education and population

training systems High (though decreasing) early school leaving rate.

Low (though increasing) share of young people with at least secondary education.

• 10. 

  Wage setting mechanisms and labour cost developments

FRANCE

• 1. 

  Progress towards the national employment rate target

DG B 1C EN

• 2. 

  Key indicators on labour market performance

France

2020 national 2014 2015 2016 2020 EU Indicator Unit 2000 2013 2014 2015 2016 target EU28-total target

% of population aged Overall employment rate

20 - 64 68.1 e 69.5 69.3 b 69.5 70.0 75.0 69.2 70.1 71.1 75.0

% of pop. 18-24 with

at most lower sec.

Early leavers from

educ. and not in

education and training

further education or

training 13.3 9.7 b 9.0 b 9.2 8.8 9.5 11.2 11.0 10.7 less than 10

% completion of

Tertiary educational

tertiary or equivalent

attainment

education (30-34) 27.4 44.0 b 43.7 b 45.0 43.6 50.0 37.9 38.7 39.1 40.0

Overall employment % change from

growth previous year 2.7 e -0.1 0.1 0.0 b 0.5 1.0 1.1 1.5

% of female

Employment rate of

population aged 20 -

women

64 60.5 e 65.5 65.6 b 66.0 66.3 63.5 64.3 65.3

% of male population

Employment rate of men

aged 20 - 64 76.0 e 73.7 73.2 b 73.2 73.8 75.0 75.9 76.9

Employment rate of % of population aged

older workers 55 - 64 30.1 e 45.6 46.9 b 48.7 49.8 51.8 53.3 55.3

difference in the

employment rate

Employment gender gap between men and

women in percentage

points 15.5 e 8.2 7.6 b 7.2 7.5 11.5 11.6 11.6

Employment rate of % of population aged

young persons 20 - 29 63.2 60.9 60.6 b 60.9 61.5 60.2 61.4 62.6

% of population with

Employment rate of low at most lower

skilled persons secondary education

aged 20 - 64 55.3 53.6 b 52.6 b 51.4 50.5 51.8 52.6 53.6

% of population with

Employment rate of nonnon-EU

citizenship

EU nationals

aged 20 - 64 : 48.1 47.3 b 46.6 46.3 56.4 56.7 56.6

Part-time employment % of total employment 16.9 18.4 18.9 b 18.8 18.7 20.3 20.3

Temporary employees % of total employees 15.4 15.3 15.3 b 16.0 16.1 13.9 14.1 Overall unemployment

% of labour force rate 8.6 10.3 10.3 10.4 10.1 10.2 9.4 8.5 Long-term

% of labour force unemployment : 4.0 4.2 4.3 4.3 5.0 4.5 4.0 Youth unemployment % of youth labour rate force (15-24) 20.6 24.1 24.2 b 24.7 24.6 22.2 20.3 18.7

% of population aged Youth NEET rate

15-24 10.2 11.2 b 11.4 b 12.0 11.9 12.5 12.0 11.5

Labour productivity per EU-27 = 100 (based on

PPS per employed person employed

person) 121.3 116.3 115.4 p 115.3 p : 100.0 100.0

Labour productivity per EU-27 = 100 (based on hour worked PPS per hour worked)

134.0 128.5 128.5 p 127.9 p : 100.0 100.0 Nominal unit labour cost % change from growth previous year 1.2 1.1 0.8 0.2 0.5 0.6 0.3 Real unit labour cost % change from growth previous year -0.4 0.3 0.3 -0.4 -0.4 -0.5 -1.0 Gender pay gap : 15.5 15.5 15.8 p : 16.7 16.3 : Involuntary temporary as % of total employment employees : 9.5 9.6 b 9.9 9.9 8.7 u 8.8 u 8.8 u

share of people in current job 12 months

Newly employed or less in total employment 16.5 12.9 13.1 b 13.5 14.2 13.8 14.3 14.6

At-risk-of-poverty rate of unemployed : 35.6 31.1 37.1 : 47.3 47.5 : unemployment trap - tax rate on low wage earners : 77.2 77.4 76.5 : 74.0 74.0 : Inactivity and part-time work due to personal and family responisibilities : 5.3 4.7 b 4.9 4.7 5.2 5.3 5.4

% change over the Job vacancy rate

recent 3 years : 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.7 1.4 1.5 1.7 Share of adult population with upper

age 25-64 secondary or tertiary education 62.2 75.0 b 76.7 b 77.5 78.1 75.9 76.5 77.0

Percentage of adult population participating age 25-64 in education and training

• : 

  17.8 b 18.4 b 18.6 18.8 10.8 10.7 10.8 Source: Eurostat database (labour market statistics, national accounts), National Reform Programmes

Notes: b - break in series, p - provisional, c - confidental, e - estimated, n - not siginifcant, f - forecast, s - Eurostat estimate, z - not applicable, u - unreliable, ":" - not available

• 3. 

  Key employment challenges France, June 2017

Employment Key employment challenge Particularly good

policy area labour market outcome

• 1. 

  Increase Employment rate of non-EU nationals is lower than EU

labour market average, especially for women.

participation Employment rate for people aged 60-64, in particular

men, is lower than EU average.

Youth unemployment rate is above the EU average, specifically for lower educated young people (ISCED 0- 2)

• 2. 

  Enhancing Persistent high share of very short-term contracts in new

labour market hires, especially in the tertiary sector.

functioning; Transition rate from temporary to permanent combating employment is lower than EU average. segmentation

• 3. 

  Active labour market policies

• 4. 

  Adequate and At risk of poverty for unemployed

employment is below the EU average

oriented social security systems

• 5. 

  Work-life balance

• 6. 

  Job creation Tax wedge on labour cost is higher than EU average but

  decreasing.

• 7. 

  Gender equality

• 8. 

  Improving skill Unbalanced access to training depending on the size of

supply and the company, the level of qualification or status on the labour market, to be further addressed by recent life-long

productivity; learning reforms

Lifelong learning

• 9. 

  Improving education and training systems

• 10. 

  Wage setting Ongoing adjustment of wages to inflation and

mechanisms and productivity has not yet offset past losses in

labour cost competitiveness

developments

CROATIA

• 1. 

  Progress towards the national employment rate target

DG B 1C EN

• 2. 

  Key indicators on labour market performance

Croatia

2020 national 2014 2015 2016 2020 EU Indicator Unit 2000 2013 2014 2015 2016 target EU28-total target

% of population aged Overall employment rate

20 - 64 : 57.2 59.2 60.6 61.4 65.2 69.2 70.1 71.1 75.0

% of pop. 18-24 with

at most lower sec.

Early leavers from

educ. and not in

education and training

further education or

training : 4.5 2.7 u 2.7 u 2.8 u : 11.2 11.0 10.7 less than 10

% completion of

Tertiary educational

tertiary or equivalent

attainment

education (30-34) : 25.6 32.2 30.8 29.5 : 37.9 38.7 39.1 40.0

Overall employment % change from

growth previous year : -2.2 3.2 1.1 0.5 1.0 1.1 1.5

% of female

Employment rate of

population aged 20 -

women

64 : 52.8 54.2 55.9 56.6 63.5 64.3 65.3

% of male population

Employment rate of men

aged 20 - 64 : 61.6 64.2 65.4 66.2 75.0 75.9 76.9

Employment rate of % of population aged

older workers 55 - 64 : 37.8 36.2 39.2 38.1 51.8 53.3 55.3

difference in the

employment rate

Employment gender gap between men and

women in percentage

points : 8.8 10.0 9.5 9.6 11.5 11.6 11.6

Employment rate of % of population aged

young persons 20 - 29 : 44.8 48.5 49.5 54.8 60.2 61.4 62.6

% of population with

Employment rate of low at most lower

skilled persons secondary education

aged 20 - 64 : 38.5 38.3 40.1 38.9 51.8 52.6 53.6

% of population with

Employment rate of nonnon-EU

citizenship

EU nationals

aged 20 - 64 : 34.3 u 37.1 u 39.9 u 34.5 u 56.4 56.7 56.6

Part-time employment % of total employment : 6.2 6.0 6.8 6.4 20.3 20.3

Temporary employees % of total employees : 14.5 16.9 b 20.2 22.2 13.9 14.1 Overall unemployment

% of labour force rate 15.6 17.4 17.2 16.1 13.3 10.2 9.4 8.5 Long-term

% of labour force unemployment : 11.0 10.1 10.2 6.6 5.0 4.5 4.0 Youth unemployment % of youth labour rate force (15-24) : 50.0 45.5 42.3 31.3 22.2 20.3 18.7

% of population aged Youth NEET rate

15-24 : 19.6 19.3 18.1 16.9 12.5 12.0 11.5 EU-27 = 100 (based on

Labour productivity per PPS per employed

person employed person) 66.3 73.1 70.3 68.7 : 100.0 100.0

Labour productivity per EU-27 = 100 (based on hour worked PPS per hour worked)

• : 

  62.2 60.4 61.1 : 100.0 100.0 Nominal unit labour cost % change from growth previous year 2.9 -2.3 -2.4 -0.5 0.9 0.6 0.3 Real unit labour cost % change from growth previous year -1.5 -3.0 -2.4 -0.6 0.2 -0.5 -1.0 Gender pay gap : 9.0 10.4 p : : 16.7 16.3 : Involuntary temporary as % of total employment employees : 7.2 8.0 b 8.8 17.8 8.7 u 8.8 u 8.8 u

share of people in current job 12 months

Newly employed or less in total employment : 9.8 12.5 12.6 15.8 13.8 14.3 14.6

At-risk-of-poverty rate of unemployed : 43.2 43.2 42.8 : 47.3 47.5 : unemployment trap - tax rate on low wage earners : 81.0 81.0 80.1 : 74.0 74.0 : Inactivity and part-time work due to personal and family responisibilities : 1.7 1.1 1.2 1.6 5.2 5.3 5.4

% change over the Job vacancy rate

recent 3 years : 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.5 1.7 Share of adult population with upper

age 25-64 secondary or tertiary education : 81.3 82.9 83.4 83.1 75.9 76.5 77.0

Percentage of adult population participating age 25-64 in education and training

• : 

  3.1 2.8 3.1 3.0 10.8 10.7 10.8 Source: Eurostat database (labour market statistics, national accounts), National Reform Programmes

Notes: b - break in series, p - provisional, c - confidental, e - estimated, n - not siginifcant, f - forecast, s - Eurostat estimate, z - not applicable, u - unreliable, ":" - not available

• 3. 

  Key employment challenges Croatia, June 2017

Employment policy Key employment challenge Particularly Good labour

area market outcome

• 1. 

  Increase labour Employment rates are significantly lower than the Significant drop of unemployment

market participation EU average, especially for low skilled and older rate for youth aged 15-24 workers (age group 55-64). Men are particularly

affected across the various groups. Overall unemployment, youth unemployment and youth NEET rates are still high, with positive developments

• 2. 

  Enhancing labour Rising share of temporary employment* Hiring rate and percentage of

market functioning; newly employed (especially

combating among young people) have been

segmentation improving.

• 3. 

  Active labour market Long-term unemployment rate and the share of

policies long-term unemployed in total unemployment are higher than the EU average, with positive

development.

Low effectiveness and outreach of active labour market policies and limited capacities of public employment service

• 4. 

  Adequate and In-work poverty is relatively low employment oriented social security systems

• 5. 

  Work-life balance Childcare uptake for children between 3 years and The impact of parenthood on

  mandatory school age is significantly lower than the employment is significantly lower EU- average. than the EU average.

• 6. 

  Job creation Positive employment growth in

  services

• 7. 

  Gender equality

• 8. 

  Improving skill Very low participation rates in lifelong learning, with Youth education attainment level

supply and productivity; a positive development for unemployed. is significantly (at least upper

Lifelong learning secondary) higher than the EU- average.

• 9. 

  Improving education Share of children in pre-school education is Percentage of early school

and training systems significantly lower than the EU average. leavers is lower than the EU average.

The completion rate in tertiary or equivalent education (age group 30-34) is still below the EU- average, especially for men, with positive developments.

Limited labour market relevance of education

• 10. 

  Wage setting Weaknesses in the wage setting mechanisms in the

mechanisms and public sector

labour cost developments

• * 

  Break in the relevant LFS series.

ITALY

• 1. 

  Progress towards the national employment rate target

DG B 1C EN

• 2. 

  Key indicators on labour market performance

Italy

2020 national 2014 2015 2016 2020 EU Indicator Unit 2000 2013 2014 2015 2016 target EU28-total target

Overall employment rate % of population aged

20 - 64 57.4 59.7 59.9 60.5 61.6 67-69 69.2 70.1 71.1 75.0

% of pop. 18-24 with

Early leavers from at most lower sec. education and training educ. and not in

further education or training 25.1 16.8 15.0 14.7 13.8 15-16 11.2 11.0 10.7 less than 10

Tertiary educational % completion of

attainment tertiary or equivalent education (30-34) 11.6 22.5 23.9 25.3 26.2 26-27 37.9 38.7 39.1 40.0

Overall employment % change from growth previous year 1.9 -1.8 0.2 0.8 1.2 1.0 1.1 1.5

Employment rate of % of female population aged 20 -

women 64 42.2 49.9 50.3 50.6 51.6 63.5 64.3 65.3

Employment rate of men % of male population aged 20 - 64 72.8 69.7 69.7 70.6 71.7 75.0 75.9 76.9

Employment rate of % of population aged older workers 55 - 64 27.7 42.7 46.2 48.2 50.3 51.8 53.3 55.3

difference in the employment rate

Employment gender gap between men and women in percentage points 30.6 19.8 19.4 20.0 20.1 11.5 11.6 11.6

Employment rate of % of population aged young persons 20 - 29 49.9 41.0 40.0 40.3 42.1 60.2 61.4 62.6

% of population with Employment rate of low at most lower skilled persons secondary education

aged 20 - 64 49.3 48.8 48.7 49.4 50.3 51.8 52.6 53.6

Employment rate of non% of population with EU nationals non-EU citizenship

aged 20 - 64 : 60.3 60.6 60.7 61.5 56.4 56.7 56.6

Part-time employment % of total employment 8.8 17.8 18.3 18.5 18.7 20.3 20.3

Temporary employees % of total employees 10.1 13.2 13.6 14.1 14.0 13.9 14.1 Overall unemployment

rate % of labour force 10.0 12.1 12.7 11.9 11.7 10.2 9.4 8.5 Long-term % of labour force

unemployment 6.5 6.9 7.7 6.9 6.7 5.0 4.5 4.0 Youth unemployment % of youth labour rate force (15-24) 31.5 40.0 42.7 40.3 37.8 22.2 20.3 18.7

Youth NEET rate % of population aged

15-24 19.1 22.2 22.1 21.4 19.9 12.5 12.0 11.5

Labour productivity per EU-27 = 100 (based on person employed PPS per employed

person) 130.4 108.8 107.8 107.4 : 100.0 100.0

Labour productivity per EU-27 = 100 (based on

hour worked PPS per hour worked) 119.5 103.0 102.2 101.5 : 100.0 100.0

Nominal unit labour cost % change from growth previous year 0.3 0.6 0.0 0.5 0.3 0.6 0.3 Real unit labour cost % change from growth previous year -1.6 -0.6 -0.8 -0.2 -0.6 -0.5 -1.0 Gender pay gap : 7.0 6.1 5.5 : 16.7 16.3 : Involuntary temporary as % of total employment employees 5.3 u 9.7 9.9 10.4 10.2 8.7 u 8.8 u 8.8 u

share of people in

Newly employed current job 12 months or less in total

employment 11.4 9.5 10.0 10.7 11.1 13.8 14.3 14.6 At-risk-of-poverty rate of unemployed : 47.0 48.1 47.3 : 47.3 47.5 : unemployment trap - tax rate on low wage earners : 79.7 79.6 80.7 : 74.0 74.0 :

Inactivity and part-time work due to personal and family responisibilities : 5.0 5.1 4.9 5.0 5.2 5.3 5.4

Job vacancy rate % change over the recent 3 years : 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.6 1.4 1.5 1.7

Share of adult

population with upper age 25-64

secondary or tertiary education 45.2 58.2 59.3 59.9 60.1 75.9 76.5 77.0

Percentage of adult population participating age 25-64 in education and training

• : 

  6.2 8.1 7.3 8.3 10.8 10.7 10.8 Source: Eurostat database (labour market statistics, national accounts), National Reform Programmes

Notes: b - break in series, p - provisional, c - confidental, e - estimated, n - not siginifcant, f - forecast, s - Eurostat estimate, z - not applicable, u - unreliable, ":" - not available

• 3. 

  Key employment challenges Italy, June 2017

Employment Key employment challenge Particularly good

policy area labour market outcome

• 1. 

  Increase Employment rate, including of women, is significantly

labour market below EU average.

participation Despite decreasing, youth unemployment and NEET

rates still higher than EU average.

• 2. 

  Enhancing Job tenure is well above EU

labour market average

functioning; combating segmentation

• 3. 

  Active labour Long-term unemployment is high, especially among

market policies young people.

Implementation of the ALMPs reform to tackle PES weaknesses and regional disparities is a challenge

• 4. 

  Adequate and Insufficient and fragmented coverage of social Very adequate net replacement

employment assistance currently being addressed by the new rate of unemployment benefit

oriented social National Plan to Combat Poverty

security systems

• 5. 

  Work-life Uptake of childcare services for children age 3 to

balance mandatory school age remains above EU average, especially for 30h or more, but shows some negative

developments.

Share of female employees working in involuntary fixedterm or part-time contracts is significantly above EU average.

• 6. 

  Job creation Tax wedge on labour costs (among low wage earners)

  shows a decrease but is still higher than the EU average.

• 7. 

  Gender The employment gender gap is significantly above the The gender pay gap is

equality EU average. significantly lower than the EU average.

The low wage trap for second income earners rate is higher than the EU average.

• 8. 

  Improving skill Education attainment rates for the adult population (aged

supply and 25-64) are significantly below the EU average, especially for older cohorts.

productivity;

Lifelong learning Moderate skills mismatch and low participation in adult

learning, especially for low-skilled people

• 9. 

  Improving education and training systems

• 10. 

  Wage setting Limited use of firm-level bargaining hampers the

mechanisms and response of wages to economic conditions and the

labour cost adoption of innovative solutions in the work organisation at the firm level

developments

CYPRUS

• 1. 

  Progress towards the national employment rate target

DG B 1C EN

• 2. 

  Key indicators on labour market performance

Cyprus

2020 national 2014 2015 2016 2020 EU Indicator Unit 2000 2013 2014 2015 2016 target EU28-total target

% of population aged Overall employment rate

20 - 64 : 67.2 67.6 67.9 68.8 75-77 69.2 70.1 71.1 75.0

% of pop. 18-24 with

at most lower sec.

Early leavers from

educ. and not in

education and training

further education or

training 18.5 9.1 6.8 5.2 7.7 10.0 11.2 11.0 10.7 less than 10

% completion of

Tertiary educational

tertiary or equivalent

attainment

education (30-34) 31.1 47.8 52.5 54.5 53.4 46.0 37.9 38.7 39.1 40.0

Overall employment % change from

growth previous year : -4.8 -0.6 -1.4 2.6 1.0 1.1 1.5

% of female

Employment rate of

population aged 20 -

women

64 : 62.2 63.9 64.0 64.1 63.5 64.3 65.3

% of male population

Employment rate of men

aged 20 - 64 : 72.6 71.6 72.3 73.9 75.0 75.9 76.9

Employment rate of % of population aged

older workers 55 - 64 : 49.6 46.9 48.5 52.0 51.8 53.3 55.3

difference in the

employment rate

Employment gender gap between men and

women in percentage

points : 10.4 7.7 8.3 9.8 11.5 11.6 11.6

Employment rate of % of population aged

young persons 20 - 29 75.6 58.3 60.5 59.9 60.5 60.2 61.4 62.6

% of population with

Employment rate of low at most lower

skilled persons secondary education

aged 20 - 64 62.6 54.9 54.6 55.1 56.9 51.8 52.6 53.6

% of population with

Employment rate of nonnon-EU

citizenship

EU nationals

aged 20 - 64 : 74.3 77.5 75.2 65.4 56.4 56.7 56.6

Part-time employment % of total employment 8.4 12.5 14.0 13.6 14.2 20.3 20.3

Temporary employees % of total employees 10.7 17.5 19.0 18.4 16.4 13.9 14.1 Overall unemployment

% of labour force rate 4.8 15.9 16.1 15.0 13.1 10.2 9.4 8.5 Long-term

% of labour force unemployment : 6.1 7.7 6.8 5.8 5.0 4.5 4.0 Youth unemployment % of youth labour rate force (15-24) 10.2 38.9 36.0 32.8 29.1 22.2 20.3 18.7

% of population aged Youth NEET rate

15-24 10.1 18.7 17.0 15.3 15.9 12.5 12.0 11.5 EU-27 = 100 (based on

Labour productivity per PPS per employed

person employed person) 91.6 86.8 85.1 84.1 p : 100.0 100.0

Labour productivity per EU-27 = 100 (based on hour worked PPS per hour worked)

80.6 78.2 77.3 76.4 p : 100.0 100.0 Nominal unit labour cost % change from growth previous year 1.9 -5.4 -4.0 -1.5 0.0 0.6 0.3 Real unit labour cost % change from growth previous year -1.0 -4.4 -2.5 -0.2 1.0 -0.5 -1.0 Gender pay gap : 14.9 14.2 14.0 : 16.7 16.3 : Involuntary temporary as % of total employment employees 8.6 16.7 17.9 17.1 15.1 8.7 u 8.8 u 8.8 u

share of people in current job 12 months

Newly employed or less in total employment 18.4 16.4 19.4 19.1 20.9 13.8 14.3 14.6

At-risk-of-poverty rate of unemployed : 33.6 32.6 42.0 : 47.3 47.5 : unemployment trap - tax rate on low wage earners : : : : : 74.0 74.0 : Inactivity and part-time work due to personal and family responisibilities : 3.2 2.7 2.7 3.0 5.2 5.3 5.4

% change over the Job vacancy rate

recent 3 years : 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.9 1.4 1.5 1.7 Share of adult population with upper

age 25-64 secondary or tertiary education 61.5 78.5 77.6 77.9 79.6 75.9 76.5 77.0

Percentage of adult population participating age 25-64 in education and training

• : 

  7.2 7.1 7.5 6.9 10.8 10.7 10.8 Source: Eurostat database (labour market statistics, national accounts), National Reform Programmes

Notes: b - break in series, p - provisional, c - confidental, e - estimated, n - not siginifcant, f - forecast, s - Eurostat estimate, z - not applicable, u - unreliable, ":" - not available

• 3. 

  Key employment challenges Cyprus, June 2017

Employment Key employment challenge Particularly good

policy area labour market outcome

• 1. 

  Increase High unemployment rate, especially for young people. High (but decreasing)

labour market Decreasing activity rate. employment rate of non-EU nationals, in particular for women.

participation High (but decreasing) NEET rate.

Decreasing employment rate for older workers.

• 2. 

  Enhancing High incidence of undeclared work High share of newly employed

labour market people, especially young (15-24).

functioning; High (but decreasing) share of workers in involuntary temporary or part-time employment.

combating segmentation

• 3. 

  Active labour High and increasing share of long-term unemployed over

market policies total unemployment.

Limited capacity of Public Employment Services and effectiveness of active labour market policies.

Low participation in active labour market measures.

• 4. 

  Adequate and High and increasing at-risk-of-poverty rate of the

employment unemployed.

oriented social security systems

• 5. 

  Work-life Decreasing uptake of childcare (0-3). Uptake of

balance childcare (3-6) above 30 hours below the EU average.

• 6. 

  Job creation Weak labour demand (low available vacancies).

• 7. 

  Gender Low employment impact of

equality parenthood

• 8. 

  Improving skill High share of the adult population,

supply and including the young population, with at least upper secondary

productivity; education.

Lifelong learning

• 9. 

  Improving Low level of basic skills and limited labour market

education and relevance of education and training

training systems Low (but increasing) participation in vocational education

and training

• 10. 

  Wage setting mechanisms and labour cost developments

LATVIA

• 1. 

  Progress towards the national employment rate target

DG B 1C EN

• 2. 

  Key indicators on labour market performance

Latvia

2020 national 2014 2015 2016 2020 EU Indicator Unit 2000 2013 2014 2015 2016 target EU28-total target

% of population aged Overall employment rate

20 - 64 63.6 e 69.7 70.7 72.5 73.2 73.0 69.2 70.1 71.1 75.0

% of pop. 18-24 with

at most lower sec.

Early leavers from

educ. and not in

education and training

further education or

training : 9.8 8.5 9.9 10.0 13.4 11.2 11.0 10.7 less than 10

% completion of

Tertiary educational

tertiary or equivalent

attainment

education (30-34) 18.6 40.7 39.9 41.3 42.8 34-36 37.9 38.7 39.1 40.0

Overall employment % change from

growth previous year -2.1 e 1.8 -0.9 1.0 -0.7 1.0 1.1 1.5

% of female

Employment rate of

population aged 20 -

women

64 59.3 e 67.7 68.5 70.5 71.8 63.5 64.3 65.3

% of male population

Employment rate of men

aged 20 - 64 68.4 e 71.9 73.1 74.6 74.7 75.0 75.9 76.9

Employment rate of % of population aged

older workers 55 - 64 36.1 e 54.8 56.4 59.4 61.4 51.8 53.3 55.3

difference in the

employment rate

Employment gender gap between men and

women in percentage

points 9.1 e 4.2 4.6 4.1 2.9 11.5 11.6 11.6

Employment rate of % of population aged

young persons 20 - 29 61.7 62.2 65.1 67.5 67.7 60.2 61.4 62.6

% of population with

Employment rate of low at most lower

skilled persons secondary education

aged 20 - 64 41.8 49.0 50.0 53.2 54.8 51.8 52.6 53.6

% of population with

Employment rate of nonnon-EU

citizenship

EU nationals

aged 20 - 64 : 60.2 62.8 64.0 63.9 56.4 56.7 56.6

Part-time employment % of total employment 10.9 8.1 7.4 7.9 9.3 20.3 20.3

Temporary employees % of total employees 6.7 4.3 3.3 3.8 3.7 13.9 14.1 Overall unemployment % of labour force rate 14.3 11.9 10.8 9.9 9.6 10.2 9.4 8.5 Long-term % of labour force unemployment : 5.7 4.6 4.5 4.0 5.0 4.5 4.0 Youth unemployment % of youth labour rate force (15-24) 21.3 23.2 19.6 16.3 17.3 22.2 20.3 18.7 % of population aged Youth NEET rate 15-24 : 13.0 12.0 10.5 11.2 12.5 12.0 11.5 EU-27 = 100 (based on Labour productivity per PPS per employed person employed person) 40.1 62.5 64.6 64.5 : 100.0 100.0

Labour productivity per EU-27 = 100 (based on hour worked PPS per hour worked) 34.4 52.7 54.3 55.0 : 100.0 100.0 Nominal unit labour cost % change from growth previous year 0.3 4.9 4.9 5.4 2.9 0.6 0.3 Real unit labour cost % change from growth previous year -3.2 3.5 3.3 5.0 2.3 -0.5 -1.0 Gender pay gap : 16.0 17.3 17.0 : 16.7 16.3 : Involuntary temporary as % of total employment employees 6.4 u 3.0 2.1 2.0 1.9 8.7 u 8.8 u 8.8 u share of people in current job 12 months Newly employed or less in total employment : 17.9 15.8 15.6 14.6 13.8 14.3 14.6 At-risk-of-poverty rate of unemployed : 55.9 53.3 55.0 55.7 47.3 47.5 : unemployment trap - tax rate on low wage earners : 89.4 88.7 88.1 : 74.0 74.0 : Inactivity and part-time work due to personal and family responisibilities : 1.7 1.9 1.8 1.8 5.2 5.3 5.4 % change over the Job vacancy rate recent 3 years : 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.9 1.4 1.5 1.7 Share of adult population with upper age 25-64 secondary or tertiary education 83.2 89.4 89.5 90.1 90.7 75.9 76.5 77.0

Percentage of adult population participating age 25-64 in education and training : 6.8 5.6 5.7 7.3 10.8 10.7 10.8 Source: Eurostat database (labour market statistics, national accounts), National Reform Programmes Notes: b - break in series, p - provisional, c - confidental, e - estimated, n - not siginifcant, f - forecast, s - Eurostat estimate, z - not applicable, u - unreliable, ":" - not available

• 3. 

  Key employment challenges Latvia, June 2017

Employment Key employment challenge Particularly good

policy area labour market outcome

• 1. 

  Increase Duration of working life for men below the EU average. Employment rate of women is

labour market high and increasing.

participation

• 2. 

  Enhancing Low and decreasing share of

labour market involuntary temporary

functioning; employment.

combating segmentation

• 3. 

  Active labour Low ALMP participation (activation support) and

market policies expenditure on ALMPs as percentage of GDP.

• 4. 

  Adequate and Low adequacy of social assistance benefits and

employment insufficient social and labour market reintegration

oriented social measures security systems Net replacement rate after 6 and 12 months of unemployment for one earner couple with 2 children is

below the EU average

• 5. 

  Work-life balance

• 6. 

  Job creation Tax wedge on low wage earners is higher than the EU-

  average.

• 7. 

  Gender Very low gender employment gap equality

• 8. 

  Improving skill supply and productivity;

Lifelong learning

• 9. 

  Improving Limited labour market relevance of the vocational

education and education and training

training systems

• 10. 

  Wage setting mechanisms and labour cost developments

LITHUANIA

• 1. 

  Progress towards the national employment rate target

DG B 1C EN

• 2. 

  Key indicators on labour market performance

Lithuania

2020 national 2014 2015 2016 2020 EU Indicator Unit 2000 2013 2014 2015 2016 target EU28-total target

% of population aged Overall employment rate

20 - 64 65.5 e 69.9 71.8 73.3 75.2 72.8 69.2 70.1 71.1 75.0

% of pop. 18-24 with

at most lower sec.

Early leavers from

educ. and not in

education and training

further education or

training 16.5 b 6.3 5.9 5.5 4.8 less than 9 11.2 11.0 10.7 less than 10

% completion of

Tertiary educational

tertiary or equivalent

attainment

education (30-34) 42.6 51.3 53.3 57.6 58.7 40.0 37.9 38.7 39.1 40.0

Overall employment % change from

growth previous year -4.7 e 1.6 1.9 1.0 1.3 1.0 1.1 1.5

% of female

Employment rate of

population aged 20 -

women

64 63.9 e 68.6 70.6 72.2 74.3 63.5 64.3 65.3

% of male population

Employment rate of men

aged 20 - 64 67.3 e 71.2 73.1 74.6 76.2 75.0 75.9 76.9

Employment rate of % of population aged

older workers 55 - 64 40.2 e 53.4 56.2 60.4 64.6 51.8 53.3 55.3

difference in the

employment rate

Employment gender gap between men and

women in percentage

points 3.4 e 2.6 2.5 2.4 1.9 11.5 11.6 11.6

Employment rate of % of population aged

young persons 20 - 29 62.0 58.4 62.5 64.3 66.1 60.2 61.4 62.6

% of population with

Employment rate of low at most lower

skilled persons secondary education

aged 20 - 64 37.3 b 37.1 42.0 42.7 42.3 51.8 52.6 53.6

% of population with

Employment rate of nonnon-EU

citizenship

EU nationals

aged 20 - 64 : 70.8 u 72.9 u 70.8 u 70.7 u 56.4 56.7 56.6

Part-time employment % of total employment 9.1 8.9 9.0 8.2 7.8 20.3 20.3

Temporary employees % of total employees 3.8 2.7 2.8 2.1 2.0 13.9 14.1

Overall unemployment % of labour force

rate 16.4 11.8 10.7 9.1 7.9 10.2 9.4 8.5 Long-term

% of labour force unemployment : 5.1 4.8 3.9 3.0 5.0 4.5 4.0 Youth unemployment % of youth labour rate force (15-24) 28.6 21.9 19.3 16.3 14.5 22.2 20.3 18.7

% of population aged Youth NEET rate

15-24 17.0 11.1 9.9 9.2 9.4 12.5 12.0 11.5 EU-27 = 100 (based on

Labour productivity per PPS per employed

person employed person) 41.3 74.3 74.5 73.2 : 100.0 100.0

Labour productivity per EU-27 = 100 (based on hour worked PPS per hour worked)

37.9 65.7 66.2 64.1 : 100.0 100.0 Nominal unit labour cost % change from growth previous year -8.1 3.1 3.2 4.8 5.1 0.6 0.3 Real unit labour cost % change from growth previous year -9.3 1.7 2.2 4.6 3.3 -0.5 -1.0 Gender pay gap : 12.2 13.3 14.2 : 16.7 16.3 : Involuntary temporary as % of total employment employees 3.0 1.7 1.6 1.3 1.3 8.7 u 8.8 u 8.8 u

share of people in

Newly employed current job 12 months

or less in total employment 15.1 17.4 15.9 16.5 20.2 13.8 14.3 14.6

At-risk-of-poverty rate of unemployed : 61.0 62.6 62.3 : 47.3 47.5 : unemployment trap - tax rate on low wage earners : 64.4 61.5 81.6 : 74.0 74.0 : Inactivity and part-time work due to personal and family responisibilities : 1.6 1.7 1.4 1.1 5.2 5.3 5.4

% change over the Job vacancy rate

recent 3 years : 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.4 1.5 1.7 Share of adult population with upper

age 25-64 secondary or tertiary education 84.2 93.4 93.3 93.5 94.6 75.9 76.5 77.0

Percentage of adult population participating age 25-64 in education and training

• : 

  5.9 5.1 5.8 6.0 10.8 10.7 10.8 Source: Eurostat database (labour market statistics, national accounts), National Reform Programmes

Notes: b - break in series, p - provisional, c - confidental, e - estimated, n - not siginifcant, f - forecast, s - Eurostat estimate, z - not applicable, u - unreliable, ":" - not available

• 3. 

  Key employment challenges Lithuania, June 2017

Employment Key employment challenge Particularly good labour

policy area market outcome

• 1. 

  Increase Employment rate for low-skilled workers still below EU Unemployment rates for total

labour market average. population and youth show

participation positive developments

Employment rate of women increasing and higher than EU average

Employment rate of non-EU nationals (20-64) is high.

• 2. 

  Enhancing labour market functioning; combating segmentation

• 3. 

  Active labour Low spending on ALMP measures market policies

• 4. 

  Adequate and Net replacement rate after 6 months of unemployment is

employment low

oriented social High at risk of poverty rate of unemployed. security systems

Low adequacy of cash social assistance

• 5. 

  Work-life balance

• 6. 

  Job creation

• 7. 

  Gender equality

• 8. 

  Improving skill Lifelong learning (25-64) remains below EU average High shares of tertiary educated

supply and people

productivity; Skills shortages and limited up-skilling opportunities for

Lifelong learning adults

• 9. 

  Improving Low share of early school leavers

education and Inefficiencies in higher education funding affecting quality of higher education outcomes

training systems

• 10. 

  Wage setting mechanisms and labour cost developments

LUXEMBOURG

• 1. 

  Progress towards the national employment rate target

DG B 1C EN

• 2. 

  Key indicators on labour market performance

Luxembourg

2020 national 2014 2015 2016 2020 EU Indicator Unit 2000 2013 2014 2015 2016 target EU28-total target

% of population aged Overall employment rate

20 - 64 67.0 e 71.1 72.1 70.9 70.7 73.0 69.2 70.1 71.1 75.0

% of pop. 18-24 with

at most lower sec.

Early leavers from

educ. and not in

education and training

further education or

training 16.8 6.1 6.1 9.3 b 5.5 less than 10 11.2 11.0 10.7 less than 10

% completion of

Tertiary educational

tertiary or equivalent

attainment

education (30-34) 21.2 52.5 52.7 52.3 b 54.6 u 40.0 37.9 38.7 39.1 40.0

Overall employment % change from

growth previous year 2.3 e 0.8 3.0 4.9 1.6 1.0 1.1 1.5

% of female

Employment rate of

population aged 20 -

women

64 53.1 e 63.9 65.5 65.0 65.1 63.5 64.3 65.3

% of male population

Employment rate of men

aged 20 - 64 80.5 e 78.0 78.4 76.7 76.1 75.0 75.9 76.9

Employment rate of % of population aged

older workers 55 - 64 26.2 e 40.5 42.5 38.4 39.6 51.8 53.3 55.3

difference in the

employment rate

Employment gender gap between men and

women in percentage

points 27.4 e 14.1 12.9 11.7 11.0 11.5 11.6 11.6

Employment rate of % of population aged

young persons 20 - 29 68.1 57.5 60.1 63.9 b 63.0 60.2 61.4 62.6

% of population with

Employment rate of low at most lower

skilled persons secondary education

aged 20 - 64 58.6 58.6 57.3 58.4 b 56.4 51.8 52.6 53.6

% of population with

Employment rate of nonnon-EU

citizenship

EU nationals

aged 20 - 64 : 61.5 57.0 57.4 b 53.9 56.4 56.7 56.6

Part-time employment % of total employment 11.3 19.1 18.9 18.7 b 19.4 20.3 20.3

Temporary employees % of total employees 3.4 7.0 8.1 10.2 b 9.0 13.9 14.1 Overall unemployment

% of labour force rate 2.2 5.9 6.0 6.5 6.3 10.2 9.4 8.5 Long-term

% of labour force unemployment : 1.8 u 1.6 u 1.9 2.2 5.0 4.5 4.0 Youth unemployment % of youth labour rate force (15-24) 6.4 u 15.5 22.6 17.3 b 18.9 22.2 20.3 18.7

% of population aged Youth NEET rate

15-24 5.0 5.0 6.3 6.2 b 5.4 12.5 12.0 11.5 EU-27 = 100 (based on

Labour productivity per PPS per employed

person employed person) 178.4 163.8 170.1 170.0 : 100.0 100.0

Labour productivity per EU-27 = 100 (based on hour worked PPS per hour worked)

188.8 177.6 183.7 182.6 : 100.0 100.0 Nominal unit labour cost % change from growth previous year 0.6 0.0 0.5 0.1 -0.3 0.6 0.3 Real unit labour cost % change from growth previous year -1.1 -1.3 -1.0 -0.3 -1.9 -0.5 -1.0 Gender pay gap : 6.2 5.4 5.5 : 16.7 16.3 : Involuntary temporary as % of total employment employees 0.6 u 3.7 u 4.4 4.9 b 5.4 u 8.7 u 8.8 u 8.8 u

share of people in current job 12 months

Newly employed or less in total employment 11.9 12.5 13.6 14.6 b 12.6 b 13.8 14.3 14.6

At-risk-of-poverty rate of unemployed : 53.0 50.0 42.7 : 47.3 47.5 : unemployment trap - tax rate on low wage earners : 86.5 86.7 87.6 : 74.0 74.0 : Inactivity and part-time work due to personal and family responisibilities : 4.1 4.0 5.0 b 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4

% change over the Job vacancy rate

recent 3 years : 0.8 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.5 1.7 Share of adult population with upper

age 25-64 secondary or tertiary education 60.9 80.5 82.0 76.0 b 78.4 u 75.9 76.5 77.0

Percentage of adult population participating age 25-64 in education and training

• : 

  14.6 14.5 18.0 b 16.8 10.8 10.7 10.8 Source: Eurostat database (labour market statistics, national accounts), National Reform Programmes

Notes: b - break in series, p - provisional, c - confidental, e - estimated, n - not siginifcant, f - forecast, s - Eurostat estimate, z - not applicable, u - unreliable, ":" - not available

• 3. 

  Key employment challenges Luxembourg, June 2017

Employment Key employment challenge Particularly good

policy area labour market outcome

• 1. 

  Increase Low employment rate of older workers Low NEET rate

labour market

participation Duration of working life is below EU average

• 2. 

  Enhancing labour market functioning; combating segmentation

• 3. 

  Active labour market policies

• 4. 

  Adequate and Financial disincentives to work employment oriented social security systems

• 5. 

  Work-life balance

• 6. 

  Job creation High employment growth

• 7. 

  Gender Low gender pay gap equality

• 8. 

  Improving skill supply and productivity;

Lifelong learning

• 9. 

  Improving Educational outcomes remain unsatisfactory for children Share of population with tertiary

education and of people with migrant background education is high

training systems

• 10. 

  Wage setting mechanisms and labour cost developments

HUNGARY

• 1. 

  Progress towards the national employment rate target

DG B 1C EN

• 2. 

  Key indicators on labour market performance

Hungary

2020 national 2014 2015 2016 2020 EU Indicator Unit 2000 2013 2014 2015 2016 target EU28-total target

% of population aged Overall employment rate

20 - 64 61.2 63.0 66.7 68.9 71.5 75.0 69.2 70.1 71.1 75.0

% of pop. 18-24 with

at most lower sec.

Early leavers from

educ. and not in

education and training

further education or

training 13.9 11.9 11.4 11.6 b 12.4 10.0 11.2 11.0 10.7 less than 10

% completion of

Tertiary educational

tertiary or equivalent

attainment

education (30-34) 14.8 32.3 34.1 34.3 33.0 34.0 37.9 38.7 39.1 40.0

Overall employment % change from

growth previous year 1.0 1.8 5.4 2.6 3.2 1.0 1.1 1.5

% of female

Employment rate of

population aged 20 -

women

64 53.9 56.9 60.2 62.1 64.6 63.5 64.3 65.3

Employment rate of men % of male population

aged 20 - 64 68.9 69.3 73.5 75.8 78.6 75.0 75.9 76.9 Employment rate of % of population aged older workers 55 - 64 22.2 37.9 41.7 45.3 49.8 51.8 53.3 55.3

difference in the employment rate

Employment gender gap between men and women in percentage points 15.0 12.4 13.3 13.7 14.0 11.5 11.6 11.6

Employment rate of % of population aged young persons 20 - 29 59.5 52.2 56.7 58.5 61.7 60.2 61.4 62.6

% of population with Employment rate of low at most lower skilled persons secondary education

aged 20 - 64 36.4 38.1 44.3 47.1 50.7 51.8 52.6 53.6 % of population with

Employment rate of nonnon-EU citizenship

EU nationals aged 20 - 64 : 64.2 72.6 71.4 66.0 56.4 56.7 56.6

Part-time employment % of total employment 3.6 u 6.8 6.4 6.0 5.2 20.3 20.3

Temporary employees % of total employees 6.8 10.9 10.8 11.4 9.7 13.9 14.1 Overall unemployment

% of labour force rate 6.3 10.2 7.7 6.8 5.1 10.2 9.4 8.5

Long-term % of labour force

unemployment 3.1 4.9 3.7 3.1 2.4 5.0 4.5 4.0 Youth unemployment % of youth labour rate force (15-24) 12.3 26.6 20.4 17.3 12.9 22.2 20.3 18.7

% of population aged Youth NEET rate

15-24 15.4 15.5 13.6 11.6 b 11.0 12.5 12.0 11.5 EU-27 = 100 (based on

Labour productivity per PPS per employed

person employed person) 55.7 72.9 71.0 70.3 : 100.0 100.0

Labour productivity per EU-27 = 100 (based on hour worked PPS per hour worked)

46.5 68.1 66.0 65.5 : 100.0 100.0 Nominal unit labour cost % change from growth previous year 12.0 0.6 2.1 0.7 5.1 0.6 0.3 Real unit labour cost % change from growth previous year 1.9 -2.3 -1.2 -1.1 2.7 -0.5 -1.0 Gender pay gap : 18.4 15.1 14.0 : 16.7 16.3 : Involuntary temporary as % of total employment employees 4.2 u 8.0 8.0 8.7 7.8 8.7 u 8.8 u 8.8 u

share of people in current job 12 months

Newly employed or less in total employment 12.6 15.6 15.6 15.1 15.3 13.8 14.3 14.6

At-risk-of-poverty rate of unemployed : 53.2 54.0 54.4 48.5 47.3 47.5 : unemployment trap - tax rate on low wage earners : 78.8 78.5 78.4 : 74.0 74.0 : Inactivity and part-time work due to personal and family responisibilities : 4.6 4.4 4.7 4.8 5.2 5.3 5.4

% change over the Job vacancy rate

recent 3 years : 1.1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.4 1.5 1.7 Share of adult population with upper

age 25-64 secondary or tertiary education 69.4 82.5 83.1 83.2 83.4 75.9 76.5 77.0

Percentage of adult population participating age 25-64 in education and training

• : 

  3.2 3.3 7.1 b 6.3 10.8 10.7 10.8 Source: Eurostat database (labour market statistics, national accounts), National Reform Programmes

Notes: b - break in series, p - provisional, c - confidental, e - estimated, n - not siginifcant, f - forecast, s - Eurostat estimate, z - not applicable, u - unreliable, ":" - not available

• 3. 

  Key employment challenges Hungary, June 2017

Employment Key employment challenge Particularly good

policy area labour market outcome

• 1. 

  Increase Activity, employment and

labour market unemployment rates showing a

participation positive development.

• 2. 

  Enhancing labour market functioning; combating segmentation

• 3. 

  Active labour Inadequate targeting of the public works scheme. market policies

• 4. 

  Adequate and Short duration of unemployment benefits. employment

oriented social Net replacement rates after 6 months of unemployment significantly below the EU average

security systems

• 5. 

  Work-life High employment impact of parenthood on women. Availability of childcare above EU

balance average.

• 6. 

  Job creation High tax wedge particularly for low income earners. Employment growth showing a positive development.

• 7. 

  Gender equality

• 8. 

  Improving skill Low participation in lifelong learning. supply and productivity;

Lifelong learning

• 9. 

  Improving Weak performance in basic skills, decreasing

education and educational attainment of students from vulnerable groups and need to promote inclusive mainstream

training systems education for vulnerable groups, in particular Roma.

• 10. 

  Wage setting mechanisms and labour cost developments

MALTA

• 1. 

  Progress towards the national employment rate target

DG B 1C EN

• 2. 

  Key indicators on labour market performance

Malta

2020 national 2014 2015 2016 2020 EU Indicator Unit 2000 2013 2014 2015 2016 target EU28-total target

Overall employment rate % of population aged

20 - 64 57.4 e 64.8 66.4 67.8 69.6 70.0 69.2 70.1 71.1 75.0

% of pop. 18-24 with

at most lower sec.

Early leavers from

educ. and not in

education and training

further education or

training 54.2 d 20.5 20.3 19.8 19.6 10.0 11.2 11.0 10.7 less than 10

% completion of

Tertiary educational

tertiary or equivalent

attainment

education (30-34) 7.4 du 26.0 26.5 27.8 29.8 33.0 37.9 38.7 39.1 40.0

Overall employment % change from

growth previous year 0.7 e 3.0 2.9 2.2 3.3 1.0 1.1 1.5

Employment rate of % of female

population aged 20 - women

64 33.2 e 49.8 52.0 53.6 55.5 63.5 64.3 65.3 % of male population

Employment rate of men aged 20 - 64 81.6 e 79.4 80.4 81.4 83.1 75.0 75.9 76.9

Employment rate of % of population aged older workers 55 - 64 28.5 e 36.3 37.8 40.3 44.0 51.8 53.3 55.3

difference in the employment rate

Employment gender gap between men and women in percentage points 48.4 e 29.6 28.4 27.8 27.6 11.5 11.6 11.6

Employment rate of % of population aged young persons 20 - 29 74.2 76.0 76.0 75.3 77.4 60.2 61.4 62.6

% of population with Employment rate of low at most lower skilled persons secondary education

aged 20 - 64 51.8 d 51.9 53.5 54.7 57.1 51.8 52.6 53.6 % of population with

Employment rate of nonnon-EU citizenship

EU nationals aged 20 - 64 : 63.8 65.3 63.2 64.2 56.4 56.7 56.6

Part-time employment % of total employment 6.4 15.1 16.4 15.5 14.6 20.3 20.3

Temporary employees % of total employees 3.9 7.5 7.7 7.4 7.5 13.9 14.1 Overall unemployment

% of labour force rate 6.7 6.4 5.8 5.4 4.7 10.2 9.4 8.5 Long-term

% of labour force unemployment : 2.9 2.7 2.4 1.9 5.0 4.5 4.0 Youth unemployment % of youth labour rate force (15-24) 11.8 13.0 11.7 11.8 11.1 22.2 20.3 18.7

% of population aged Youth NEET rate

15-24 27.4 9.9 10.5 10.4 8.6 12.5 12.0 11.5

Labour productivity per EU-27 = 100 (based on person employed PPS per employed

person) 95.0 89.6 91.2 92.1 : 100.0 100.0

Labour productivity per EU-27 = 100 (based on hour worked PPS per hour worked)

71.6 72.6 75.0 76.2 : 100.0 100.0 Nominal unit labour cost % change from growth previous year -0.9 1.2 -1.6 0.0 2.0 0.6 0.3 Real unit labour cost % change from growth previous year -3.0 -0.7 -3.4 -2.1 0.3 -0.5 -1.0 Gender pay gap : 9.7 10.6 : : 16.7 16.3 : Involuntary temporary as % of total employment employees 1.5 u 3.9 4.4 4.1 3.4 8.7 u 8.8 u 8.8 u

share of people in current job 12 months

Newly employed or less in total employment 13.5 12.6 12.0 12.2 13.7 13.8 14.3 14.6

At-risk-of-poverty rate of unemployed : 49.6 48.8 55.7 : 47.3 47.5 : unemployment trap - tax rate on low wage earners : 56.0 57.6 57.0 : 74.0 74.0 : Inactivity and part-time work due to personal and family responisibilities : 5.2 4.6 4.9 4.4 5.2 5.3 5.4

% change over the Job vacancy rate

recent 3 years : 2.9 2.7 2.5 2.8 1.4 1.5 1.7 Share of adult population with upper

age 25-64 secondary or tertiary education 18.1 d 40.5 42.2 43.5 45.2 75.9 76.5 77.0

Percentage of adult population participating age 25-64 in education and training

• : 

  7.6 7.4 7.2 7.5 10.8 10.7 10.8

Source: Eurostat database (labour market statistics, national accounts), National Reform Programmes Notes: b - break in series, p - provisional, c - confidental, e - estimated, n - not siginifcant, f - forecast, s - Eurostat estimate, z - not applicable, u - unreliable, ":" - not available

• 3. 

  Key employment challenges Malta, June 2017

Employment Key employment challenge Particularly good

policy area labour market outcome

• 1. 

  Increase Activity rate of working age population below EU Continued strong increase in

labour market average but with significant improvements employment rate of women

participation Low employment rate of women and older workers but High employment rate of recent

with significant improvements immigrants

Duration of working life below EU average, but with significant improvements, particularly for women

• 2. 

  Enhancing labour market functioning; combating segmentation

• 3. 

  Active labour Unemployment rate is low market policies

• 4. 

  Adequate and employment oriented social security systems

• 5. 

  Work-life balance

• 6. 

  Job creation High employment growth and job vacancy rate

• 7. 

  Gender Gender employment gap remains high, for ages above

equality 30, but considerable improvements

 8. Improving skill Educational attainment remains low, despite significant High and increasing public

supply and improvements spending on human resources /

productivity; education Adjustment of skills to labour market needs still limited

Lifelong learning

• 9. 

  Improving Early school leaving remains high education and

training systems Low attainment of basic skills

• 10. 

  Wage setting mechanisms and labour cost developments

NETHERLANDS

• 1. 

  Progress towards the national employment rate target

DG B 1C EN

• 2. 

  Key indicators on labour market performance

Netherlands

2020 national 2014 2015 2016 2020 EU Indicator Unit 2000 2013 2014 2015 2016 target EU28-total target

Overall employment rate % of population aged

20 - 64 74.3 75.9 75.4 76.4 77.1 80.0 69.2 70.1 71.1 75.0

% of pop. 18-24 with

Early leavers from at most lower sec.

educ. and not in

education and training further education or

training 15.4 9.3 b 8.7 8.2 8.0 less than 8 11.2 11.0 10.7 less than 10 % completion of

Tertiary educational

attainment tertiary or equivalent

education (30-34) 26.5 43.2 b 44.8 46.3 45.7 45.0 37.9 38.7 39.1 40.0 Overall employment % change from growth previous year 3.2 e -0.9 -0.9 1.1 1.3 1.0 1.1 1.5

Employment rate of % of female

population aged 20 - women

64 64.1 70.6 69.7 70.8 71.6 63.5 64.3 65.3 % of male population

Employment rate of men aged 20 - 64 84.3 81.1 81.1 81.9 82.6 75.0 75.9 76.9

Employment rate of % of population aged older workers 55 - 64 38.2 59.2 59.9 61.7 63.5 51.8 53.3 55.3

difference in the employment rate

Employment gender gap between men and women in percentage points 20.2 10.5 11.4 11.1 11.0 11.5 11.6 11.6

Employment rate of % of population aged young persons 20 - 29 82.6 75.3 74.1 75.8 75.9 60.2 61.4 62.6

% of population with Employment rate of low at most lower skilled persons secondary education

aged 20 - 64 59.5 60.3 b 58.7 59.8 60.7 51.8 52.6 53.6

Employment rate of non% of population with EU nationals non-EU citizenship

aged 20 - 64 : 50.1 50.5 49.7 50.3 56.4 56.7 56.6

Part-time employment % of total employment 41.2 50.5 50.3 50.7 50.4 20.3 20.3

Temporary employees % of total employees 13.8 20.2 21.1 20.0 20.6 13.9 14.1

Overall unemployment % of labour force

rate 3.7 7.3 7.4 6.9 6.0 10.2 9.4 8.5 Long-term

% of labour force unemployment : 2.5 2.9 3.0 2.5 5.0 4.5 4.0 Youth unemployment % of youth labour rate force (15-24) 5.3 13.2 12.7 11.3 10.8 22.2 20.3 18.7

Youth NEET rate % of population aged

15-24 3.8 5.6 b 5.5 4.7 4.6 12.5 12.0 11.5

Labour productivity per EU-27 = 100 (based on person employed PPS per employed

person) 119.6 113.9 112.8 p 111.1 p : 100.0 100.0

Labour productivity per EU-27 = 100 (based on

hour worked PPS per hour worked) 138.7 130.8 128.6 p 127.1 p : 100.0 100.0

Nominal unit labour cost % change from growth previous year 3.1 1.2 -0.1 -0.6 1.6 0.6 0.3 Real unit labour cost % change from growth previous year -0.5 -0.2 -0.2 -0.7 1.1 -0.5 -1.0 Gender pay gap : 16.5 16.1 16.1 : 16.7 16.3 : Involuntary temporary as % of total employment employees : 8.2 u 9.4 u 10.3 u 9.9 u 8.7 u 8.8 u 8.8 u

share of people in

Newly employed current job 12 months

or less in total employment 19.2 14.5 14.8 16.2 17.3 13.8 14.3 14.6

At-risk-of-poverty rate of unemployed : 34.2 36.3 35.5 : 47.3 47.5 : unemployment trap - tax rate on low wage earners : 83.8 82.2 82.4 : 74.0 74.0 : Inactivity and part-time work due to personal and family responisibilities : 10.8 10.6 11.1 10.9 5.2 5.3 5.4

% change over the

Job vacancy rate recent 3 years : 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.7 1.4 1.5 1.7

Share of adult population with upper

secondary or tertiary age 25-64

education 66.1 75.8 b 75.9 76.4 77.1 75.9 76.5 77.0

Percentage of adult population participating age 25-64 in education and training

• : 

  17.9 b 18.3 18.9 18.8 10.8 10.7 10.8

Source: Eurostat database (labour market statistics, national accounts), National Reform Programmes Notes: b - break in series, p - provisional, c - confidental, e - estimated, n - not siginifcant, f - forecast, s - Eurostat estimate, z - not applicable, u - unreliable, ":" - not available

• 3. 

  Key employment challenges The Netherlands, June 2017

Employment Key employment challenge Particularly good

policy area labour market outcome

• 1. 

  Increase Weak labour market outcomes for people with a non-EU High youth employment rate (age

labour market migrant background group 20-29)

participation Low NEET rate

Long duration of working life

• 2. 

  Enhancing Increasing labour market segmentation with high shares

labour market of temporary employment, low transition rates from temporary to permanent employment, and a strong

functioning; increase in the number of self-employed without combating employees

segmentation Share of involuntary temporary employees is around the

EU average, but increasing.

• 3. 

  Active labour Decreased levels of activation of unemployed and of

market policies spending on active labour market policies

Increased share of long-term unemployed in total unemployment, despite recent improvements

• 4. 

  Adequate and High inactivity and low-wage traps Low at-risk-of-poverty rate of

employment unemployed.

oriented social Comparatively high net

security systems replacement rates after 12 months of unemployment

• 5. 

  Work-life balance

• 6. 

  Job creation

• 7. 

  Gender High share of part-time work, especially for women. High employment rate of women equality

• 8. 

  Improving skill supply and productivity;

Lifelong learning

• 9. 

  Improving education and training systems

• 10. 

  Wage setting mechanisms and labour cost developments

AUSTRIA

• 1. 

  Progress towards the national employment rate target

DG B 1C EN

• 2. 

  Key indicators on labour market performance

Austria

2020 national 2014 2015 2016 2020 EU Indicator Unit 2000 2013 2014 2015 2016 target EU28-total target

% of population aged Overall employment rate

20 - 64 71.4 74.6 74.2 74.3 74.8 77-78 69.2 70.1 71.1 75.0 % of pop. 18-24 with at most lower sec.

Early leavers from

education and training educ. and not in

further education or training 10.2 7.5 7.0 b 7.3 6.9 9.5 11.2 11.0 10.7 less than 10

Tertiary educational % completion of attainment tertiary or equivalent

education (30-34) : :u 27.1 40.0 b 38.7 40.1 38.0 37.9 38.7 39.1 40.0 Overall employment % change from growth previous year 0.4 0.4 0.1 0.8 1.8 1.0 1.1 1.5

% of female Employment rate of

women population aged 20 -

64 62.3 70.0 70.1 70.2 70.9 63.5 64.3 65.3 % of male population

Employment rate of men aged 20 - 64 80.6 79.1 78.3 78.4 78.7 75.0 75.9 76.9

Employment rate of % of population aged older workers 55 - 64 28.9 43.8 45.1 46.3 49.2 51.8 53.3 55.3

difference in the employment rate

Employment gender gap between men and women in percentage points 18.3 9.1 8.2 8.2 7.8 11.5 11.6 11.6

Employment rate of % of population aged young persons 20 - 29 74.4 74.5 73.1 73.4 74.0 60.2 61.4 62.6

% of population with Employment rate of low at most lower skilled persons secondary education

aged 20 - 64 52.9 53.9 53.1 b 53.1 53.9 51.8 52.6 53.6 % of population with

Employment rate of nonnon-EU citizenship

EU nationals aged 20 - 64 : 57.4 56.2 55.9 55.3 56.4 56.7 56.6

Part-time employment % of total employment 16.9 26.7 27.7 28.0 28.5 20.3 20.3

Temporary employees % of total employees 8.0 9.2 9.2 9.1 9.0 13.9 14.1

Overall unemployment % of labour force

rate 3.9 5.4 5.6 5.7 6.0 10.2 9.4 8.5

Long-term % of labour force

unemployment : 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.9 5.0 4.5 4.0 Youth unemployment % of youth labour rate force (15-24) 6.3 9.7 10.3 10.6 11.2 22.2 20.3 18.7

Youth NEET rate % of population aged

15-24 7.9 7.3 7.7 7.5 7.7 12.5 12.0 11.5

Labour productivity per EU-27 = 100 (based on person employed PPS per employed

person) 122.0 116.5 115.8 115.7 : 100.0 100.0

Labour productivity per EU-27 = 100 (based on hour worked PPS per hour worked)

114.5 115.8 115.9 117.1 : 100.0 100.0 Nominal unit labour cost % change from growth previous year 0.0 2.3 2.1 1.5 0.8 0.6 0.3 Real unit labour cost % change from growth previous year -1.4 0.8 0.4 -0.3 -0.9 -0.5 -1.0 Gender pay gap : 22.3 22.2 21.7 : 16.7 16.3 : Involuntary temporary as % of total employment employees 1.4 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.8 8.7 u 8.8 u 8.8 u

share of people in current job 12 months

Newly employed or less in total

employment 3.3 16.0 15.4 15.9 16.3 13.8 14.3 14.6 At-risk-of-poverty rate of unemployed : 45.8 44.6 41.4 : 47.3 47.5 : unemployment trap - tax rate on low wage earners : 67.8 68.0 68.1 : 74.0 74.0 :

Inactivity and part-time work due to personal and family responisibilities : 8.0 8.2 8.1 8.3 5.2 5.3 5.4

Job vacancy rate % change over the

recent 3 years : 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.8 1.4 1.5 1.7 Share of adult

population with upper age 25-64

secondary or tertiary education : :u 83.0 83.9 b 84.6 84.5 75.9 76.5 77.0

Percentage of adult population participating age 25-64 in education and training

• : 

  14.1 14.3 14.4 14.9 10.8 10.7 10.8

Source: Eurostat database (labour market statistics, national accounts), National Reform Programmes Notes: b - break in series, p - provisional, c - confidental, e - estimated, n - not siginifcant, f - forecast, s - Eurostat estimate, z - not applicable, u - unreliable, ":" - not available

• 3. 

  Key employment challenges Austria, June 2017

Employment Key Employment Particularly Good Outcome policy area Challenge

• 1. 

  Increase labour Underutilised labour market potential of people High overall employment rate

market Participation with migrant background Low rate of NEETS (15-24). low youth unemployment rate

Low employment rates of older workers but increasing trend.

• 2. 

  Enhancing Very low share of involuntary temporary

labour market workers.

functioning; combating segmentation

• 3. 

  Active labour market policies

• 4. 

  Adequate and employment oriented social security systems

• 5. 

  Work-life balance Low coverage of childcare above 30hrs (3 –

  mandatory school). High share of inactivity or part-time work among women due to family responsibilities.

• 6. 

  Job creation High tax wedge on labour costs.

• 7. 

  Gender equality High gender pay gap.

  Low wage trap for second earners.

• 8. 

  Improving skill supply and productivity;

Lifelong learning

• 9. 

  Improving Negative impact of socioeconomic background Participation in VET secondary education is

education and on educational outcomes significantly higher than the EU average

training systems

• 10. 

  Wage setting mechanisms and labour cost developments

POLAND

• 1. 

  Progress towards the national employment rate target

DG B 1C EN

• 2. 

  Key indicators on labour market performance

Poland

2020 national 2014 2015 2016 2020 EU Indicator Unit 2000 2013 2014 2015 2016 target EU28-total target

% of population aged Overall employment rate

20 - 64 61.0 b 64.9 66.5 67.8 69.3 71.0 69.2 70.1 71.1 75.0

% of pop. 18-24 with

at most lower sec.

Early leavers from

educ. and not in

education and training

further education or

training : 5.6 b 5.4 5.3 5.2 4.5 11.2 11.0 10.7 less than 10

% completion of

Tertiary educational

tertiary or equivalent

attainment

education (30-34) 12.5 b 40.5 42.1 43.4 44.6 45.0 37.9 38.7 39.1 40.0

Overall employment % change from

growth previous year -2.4 be -0.2 1.8 1.4 0.6 1.0 1.1 1.5

% of female

Employment rate of

population aged 20 -

women

64 54.2 b 57.6 59.4 60.9 62.2 63.5 64.3 65.3

% of male population

Employment rate of men

aged 20 - 64 68.0 b 72.1 73.6 74.7 76.4 75.0 75.9 76.9

Employment rate of % of population aged

older workers 55 - 64 28.4 b 40.6 42.5 44.3 46.2 51.8 53.3 55.3

difference in the

employment rate

Employment gender gap between men and

women in percentage

points 13.8 b 14.5 14.2 13.8 14.2 11.5 11.6 11.6

Employment rate of % of population aged

young persons 20 - 29 54.0 b 58.1 60.2 61.1 64.2 60.2 61.4 62.6

% of population with

Employment rate of low at most lower

skilled persons secondary education

aged 20 - 64 41.6 b 37.6 38.2 39.8 39.5 51.8 52.6 53.6

Employment rate of non% of population with

non-EU citizenship EU nationals

aged 20 - 64 : 62.0 65.4 62.3 62.4 56.4 56.7 56.6

Part-time employment % of total employment 10.4 b 7.7 7.6 7.3 7.0 20.3 20.3

Temporary employees % of total employees 5.6 b 26.8 28.3 28.0 27.5 13.9 14.1 Overall unemployment % of labour force rate 16.1 10.3 9.0 7.5 6.2 10.2 9.4 8.5 Long-term % of labour force unemployment 7.4 4.4 3.8 3.0 2.2 5.0 4.5 4.0 Youth unemployment % of youth labour rate force (15-24) 35.7 b 27.3 23.9 20.8 17.7 22.2 20.3 18.7 % of population aged Youth NEET rate 15-24 : 12.2 b 12.0 11.0 10.5 12.5 12.0 11.5 EU-27 = 100 (based on Labour productivity per PPS per employed person employed person) 54.8 74.0 73.9 74.3 : 100.0 100.0

Labour productivity per EU-27 = 100 (based on hour worked PPS per hour worked) 44.6 59.2 58.9 59.0 : 100.0 100.0 Nominal unit labour cost % change from growth previous year 3.9 0.2 0.6 -1.2 2.0 0.6 0.3 Real unit labour cost % change from growth previous year -2.1 -0.1 0.1 -1.8 1.3 -0.5 -1.0 Gender pay gap : 7.1 7.7 7.7 p : 16.7 16.3 : Involuntary temporary as % of total employment employees : 17.9 18.8 18.1 17.2 8.7 u 8.8 u 8.8 u share of people in current job 12 months Newly employed or less in total employment 15.0 b 12.0 12.7 12.2 12.6 13.8 14.3 14.6 At-risk-of-poverty rate of unemployed : 43.7 43.0 45.7 : 47.3 47.5 : unemployment trap - tax rate on low wage earners : 80.9 79.6 82.2 : 74.0 74.0 : Inactivity and part-time work due to personal and family responisibilities : 3.3 3.1 3.1 3.6 5.2 5.3 5.4 % change over the Job vacancy rate recent 3 years : 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.6 1.4 1.5 1.7 Share of adult population with upper age 25-64 secondary or tertiary education 79.8 b 90.1 90.5 90.8 91.3 75.9 76.5 77.0

Percentage of adult population participating age 25-64 in education and training : 4.3 b 4.0 3.5 3.7 10.8 10.7 10.8 Source: Eurostat database (labour market statistics, national accounts), National Reform Programmes Notes: b - break in series, p - provisional, c - confidental, e - estimated, n - not siginifcant, f - forecast, s - Eurostat estimate, z - not applicable, u - unreliable, ":" - not available

• 3. 

  Key employment challenges Poland, June 2017

Employment Key employment challenge Particularly good

policy area labour market outcome

• 1. 

  Increase Low employment rate of low-skilled. Continuous reduction in

labour market unemployment rate.

participation Still relatively low employment rate of older workers, in particular women.

• 2. 

  Enhancing In spite of recently undertaken measures and

labour market amendments, some aspects of the legislation governing

functioning; working relationship (including the labour code) still promote segmentation.

combating

segmentation Still high share of employees in temporary employment.

• 3. 

  Active labour market policies

• 4. 

  Adequate and Low replacement rates for selected households after 12

employment months of unemployment.

oriented social security systems

• 5. 

  Work-life Low provision of care facilities for children. balance

• 6. 

  Job creation

• 7. 

  Gender High gender employment gap among young (20-29). equality

• 8. 

  Improving skill Mismatch between skills and jobs related to quality of

supply and general and higher education

productivity; Low participation in lifelong learning activities.

Lifelong learning

• 9. 

  Improving Still limited labour market relevance of vocational Low level of early school leavers.

education and education and training.

training systems

• 10. 

  Wage setting mechanisms and labour cost developments

PORTUGAL

• 1. 

  Progress towards the national employment rate target

DG B 1C EN

• 2. 

  Key indicators on labour market performance

Portugal

2020 national 2014 2015 2016 2020 EU Indicator Unit 2000 2013 2014 2015 2016 target EU28-total target

% of population aged Overall employment rate

20 - 64 73.5 65.4 67.6 69.1 70.6 75.0 69.2 70.1 71.1 75.0

% of pop. 18-24 with

at most lower sec.

Early leavers from

educ. and not in

education and training

further education or

training 43.6 18.9 17.4 13.7 14.0 10.0 11.2 11.0 10.7 less than 10

Tertiary educational % completion of

tertiary or equivalent attainment

education (30-34) 11.3 30.0 31.3 31.9 34.6 40.0 37.9 38.7 39.1 40.0 Overall employment % change from growth previous year 2.0 -2.3 2.3 1.3 1.4 1.0 1.1 1.5

% of female Employment rate of

population aged 20 - women

64 65.1 62.3 64.2 65.9 67.4 63.5 64.3 65.3 % of male population

Employment rate of men aged 20 - 64 82.3 68.7 71.3 72.6 74.2 75.0 75.9 76.9

Employment rate of % of population aged older workers 55 - 64 50.7 46.9 47.8 49.9 52.1 51.8 53.3 55.3

difference in the employment rate

Employment gender gap between men and women in percentage points 17.2 6.4 7.1 6.7 6.8 11.5 11.6 11.6

Employment rate of % of population aged young persons 20 - 29 71.2 52.9 55.1 56.5 57.8 60.2 61.4 62.6

% of population with Employment rate of low at most lower skilled persons secondary education

aged 20 - 64 72.8 60.8 62.2 63.5 64.7 51.8 52.6 53.6 % of population with

Employment rate of nonnon-EU citizenship

EU nationals aged 20 - 64 : 58.7 64.3 63.5 68.0 56.4 56.7 56.6

Part-time employment % of total employment 9.9 13.2 12.1 11.5 11.1 20.3 20.3

Temporary employees % of total employees 19.8 21.4 21.4 22.0 22.3 13.9 14.1

Overall unemployment % of labour force

rate 5.1 16.4 14.1 12.6 11.2 10.2 9.4 8.5 Long-term

% of labour force unemployment 1.7 9.3 8.4 7.2 6.2 5.0 4.5 4.0 Youth unemployment % of youth labour rate force (15-24) 8.2 38.1 34.8 32.0 28.0 22.2 20.3 18.7

% of population aged Youth NEET rate

15-24 9.0 14.1 12.3 11.3 10.6 12.5 12.0 11.5 EU-27 = 100 (based on

Labour productivity per PPS per employed

person employed person) 75.2 79.7 78.9 78.2 e : 100.0 100.0

Labour productivity per EU-27 = 100 (based on hour worked PPS per hour worked)

66.5 69.8 68.9 68.1 e : 100.0 100.0 Nominal unit labour cost % change from growth previous year 4.4 1.8 -1.3 -0.5 1.3 0.6 0.3 Real unit labour cost % change from growth previous year 0.9 -0.5 -2.0 -2.5 -0.2 -0.5 -1.0 Gender pay gap : 13.3 14.9 17.8 : 16.7 16.3 : Involuntary temporary as % of total employment employees 8.7 18.4 18.0 18.3 18.9 8.7 u 8.8 u 8.8 u

share of people in current job 12 months

Newly employed or less in total employment 14.3 12.3 13.8 14.8 15.2 13.8 14.3 14.6

At-risk-of-poverty rate of unemployed : 40.3 40.5 42.0 : 47.3 47.5 : unemployment trap - tax rate on low wage earners : 80.0 79.9 80.3 : 74.0 74.0 : Inactivity and part-time work due to personal and family responisibilities : 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.4 5.2 5.3 5.4

% change over the Job vacancy rate

recent 3 years : 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.6 1.4 1.5 1.7 Share of adult population with upper

age 25-64 secondary or tertiary education 19.4 39.8 43.3 45.1 46.9 75.9 76.5 77.0

Percentage of adult population participating age 25-64 in education and training

• : 

  9.7 9.6 9.7 9.6 10.8 10.7 10.8 Source: Eurostat database (labour market statistics, national accounts), National Reform Programmes

Notes: b - break in series, p - provisional, c - confidental, e - estimated, n - not siginifcant, f - forecast, s - Eurostat estimate, z - not applicable, u - unreliable, ":" - not available

• 3. 

  Key employment challenges Portugal, June 2017

Employment Key employment challenge Particularly good

policy area labour market outcome

• 1. 

  Increase High, although decreasing, level of youth unemployment. High and increasing employment

labour market rate of non-EU nationals.

participation Low and decreasing share of

inactive NEETs.

• 2. 

  Enhancing Segmented labour market with a high incidence of High share of newly employed

labour market involuntary temporary contracts. young people.

functioning; Low capacity of labour inspectorates to clamp bogus combating self-employment segmentation

• 3. 

  Active labour High, although decreasing, share of long-term

market policies unemployment.

• 4. 

  Adequate and Limited coordination between employment and social

employment services

oriented social security systems

• 5. 

  Work-life Low inactivity and part-time work

balance due to personal and family responsibilities.

High take-up of childcare above 30 hours a week.

• 6. 

  Job creation Weak labour demand (low available vacancies).

• 7. 

  Gender Low employment impact of

equality parenthood.

• 8. 

  Improving skill Adult population with upper secondary and tertiary

supply and education below the EU average, but showing positive

productivity; developments

Lifelong learning

• 9. 

  Improving Young people with at least upper secondary education

education and below the EU average, but showing positive

training systems developments

• 10. 

  Wage setting Adaptation of minimum wage increases to economic and

mechanisms and social developments

labour cost developments

ROMANIA

• 1. 

  Progress towards the national employment rate target

DG B 1C EN

• 2. 

  Key indicators on labour market performance

Romania

2020 national 2014 2015 2016 2020 EU Indicator Unit 2000 2013 2014 2015 2016 target EU28-total target

% of population aged Overall employment rate

20 - 64 69.1 64.7 65.7 66.0 66.3 70.0 69.2 70.1 71.1 75.0

% of pop. 18-24 with

at most lower sec.

Early leavers from

educ. and not in

education and training

further education or

training 22.9 17.3 18.1 19.1 18.5 11.3 11.2 11.0 10.7 less than 10

% completion of

Tertiary educational

tertiary or equivalent

attainment

education (30-34) 8.9 22.9 25.0 25.6 25.6 26.7 37.9 38.7 39.1 40.0

Overall employment % change from

growth previous year -0.1 -0.5 0.9 -0.2 -0.8 1.0 1.1 1.5

% of female

Employment rate of

population aged 20 -

women

64 63.0 56.5 57.3 57.2 57.4 63.5 64.3 65.3

% of male population

Employment rate of men

aged 20 - 64 75.4 72.8 74.0 74.7 75.0 75.0 75.9 76.9

Employment rate of % of population aged

older workers 55 - 64 49.5 41.8 43.1 41.1 42.8 51.8 53.3 55.3

difference in the

employment rate

Employment gender gap between men and

women in percentage

points 12.4 16.3 16.7 17.5 17.6 11.5 11.6 11.6

Employment rate of % of population aged

young persons 20 - 29 62.7 53.8 55.2 57.8 56.3 60.2 61.4 62.6

% of population with

Employment rate of low at most lower

skilled persons secondary education

aged 20 - 64 68.1 53.6 55.0 53.3 52.3 51.8 52.6 53.6

% of population with

Employment rate of nonnon-EU

citizenship

EU nationals

aged 20 - 64 : : :u : :u : :u : :u 56.4 56.7 56.6

Part-time employment % of total employment 15.6 10.3 10.0 9.9 8.6 20.3 20.3

Temporary employees % of total employees 2.9 1.4 1.5 1.4 1.4 13.9 14.1 Overall unemployment % of labour force rate 7.6 7.1 6.8 6.8 5.9 10.2 9.4 8.5 Long-term % of labour force unemployment 3.8 3.2 2.8 3.0 3.0 5.0 4.5 4.0 Youth unemployment % of youth labour rate force (15-24) 17.8 23.7 24.0 21.7 20.6 22.2 20.3 18.7 % of population aged Youth NEET rate 15-24 20.2 17.0 17.0 18.1 17.4 12.5 12.0 11.5 EU-27 = 100 (based on Labour productivity per PPS per employed person employed person) 23.9 56.3 57.0 59.4 p : 100.0 100.0

Labour productivity per EU-27 = 100 (based on hour worked PPS per hour worked) 21.9 50.7 51.8 53.7 p : 100.0 100.0 Nominal unit labour cost % change from growth previous year 64.9 -0.6 4.3 -3.8 2.9 0.6 0.3 Real unit labour cost % change from growth previous year 15.2 -3.9 2.6 -6.0 1.3 -0.5 -1.0 Gender pay gap : 4.9 4.5 5.8 e : 16.7 16.3 : Involuntary temporary as % of total employment employees 2.0 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.1 8.7 u 8.8 u 8.8 u share of people in current job 12 months Newly employed or less in total employment : 5.6 5.5 7.0 5.5 13.8 14.3 14.6 At-risk-of-poverty rate of unemployed : 54.5 48.4 55.5 : 47.3 47.5 : unemployment trap - tax rate on low wage earners : 52.0 50.6 49.4 : 74.0 74.0 : Inactivity and part-time work due to personal and family responisibilities : 1.1 1.0 1.2 1.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 % change over the Job vacancy rate recent 3 years : 0.7 0.7 0.9 1.1 1.4 1.5 1.7 Share of adult population with upper age 25-64 secondary or tertiary education 69.3 75.7 72.8 75.0 76.7 75.9 76.5 77.0

Percentage of adult population participating age 25-64 in education and training : 2.0 1.5 1.3 1.2 10.8 10.7 10.8 Source: Eurostat database (labour market statistics, national accounts), National Reform Programmes Notes: b - break in series, p - provisional, c - confidental, e - estimated, n - not siginifcant, f - forecast, s - Eurostat estimate, z - not applicable, u - unreliable, ":" - not available

• 3. 

  Key employment challenges Romania, June 2017

Employment Key employment challenge Particularly policy area good labour

market

outcome

• 1. 

  Increase Low activity rate of working age population

labour market Low employment rates of women and older workers (55-64)

participation Short duration of working life

High NEET rates (15- 24) and increasing for women. High and increasing share of inactive NEETs.

• 2. 

  Enhancing High incidence of undeclared work Low share of

labour market involuntary temporary

functioning; employment and combating high transitions

segmentation into permanent employment

• 3. 

  Active labour Limited ALMP expenditure

market policies Insufficient provision and targeting of active labour market policies and their link to social services not yet sufficient

• 4. 

  Adequate and High in work poverty risks Low

employment Low net replacement rates of unemployment benefits (after 12 months unemployment

oriented social of unemployment) trap Insufficient provision and targeting of active labour market policies and

security systems their link to social services not yet sufficient

• 5. 

  Work-life Limited offer of child care

balance High incidence of inactivity and part time work due to lack of care

• 6. 

  Job creation

• 7. 

  Gender High gender employment gap Low gender pay

equality gap

• 8. 

  Improving skill Low percentage of adult population in life long learning, very low

supply and share among the employed

productivity; Low public spending on human resources (education)

Lifelong learning

• 9. 

  Improving Persistently high levels of early school leavers, deteriorating trend education and

training systems Low participation in early education

Low rate of tertiary education attainment (30- 34) Low educational outcomes and significant educational inequalities linked to socio-economic status Education outcomes are insufficiently responsive to labour market needs

• 10. 

  Wage setting Lack of an objective mechanism for minimum wage setting High labour

mechanisms and productivity

labour cost growth

developments

SLOVENIA

• 1. 

  Progress towards the national employment rate target

DG B 1C EN

• 2. 

  Key indicators on labour market performance

Slovenia

2020 national 2014 2015 2016 2020 EU Indicator Unit 2000 2013 2014 2015 2016 target EU28-total target

% of population aged Overall employment rate

20 - 64 68.5 67.2 67.7 69.1 70.1 75.0 69.2 70.1 71.1 75.0

% of pop. 18-24 with

at most lower sec.

Early leavers from

education and training educ. and not in

further education or training : 3.9 4.4 5.0 4.9 5.0 11.2 11.0 10.7 less than 10

Tertiary educational % completion of attainment tertiary or equivalent

education (30-34) 18.5 40.1 41.0 43.4 44.2 40.0 37.9 38.7 39.1 40.0 Overall employment % change from growth previous year 1.9 -2.0 0.4 1.1 0.0 1.0 1.1 1.5

% of female Employment rate of

women population aged 20 -

64 63.6 63.0 63.6 64.7 66.7 63.5 64.3 65.3 % of male population

Employment rate of men aged 20 - 64 73.2 71.2 71.6 73.3 73.3 75.0 75.9 76.9

Employment rate of % of population aged older workers 55 - 64 22.7 33.5 35.4 36.6 38.5 51.8 53.3 55.3

difference in the employment rate

Employment gender gap between men and women in percentage points 9.6 8.2 8.0 8.6 6.6 11.5 11.6 11.6

Employment rate of % of population aged young persons 20 - 29 65.7 56.2 55.1 59.3 60.6 60.2 61.4 62.6

% of population with Employment rate of low at most lower skilled persons secondary education

aged 20 - 64 52.7 44.6 47.4 48.0 45.5 51.8 52.6 53.6 % of population with

Employment rate of nonnon-EU citizenship

EU nationals aged 20 - 64 : 60.1 58.1 71.3 70.8 56.4 56.7 56.6

Part-time employment % of total employment 5.9 9.8 10.8 10.6 9.8 20.3 20.3

Temporary employees % of total employees 12.8 16.3 16.5 17.8 16.9 13.9 14.1 Overall unemployment

rate % of labour force 6.7 10.1 9.7 9.0 8.0 10.2 9.4 8.5 Long-term % of labour force

unemployment 4.2 5.2 5.3 4.7 4.3 5.0 4.5 4.0 Youth unemployment % of youth labour rate force (15-24) 16.4 21.6 20.2 16.3 15.2 22.2 20.3 18.7

Youth NEET rate % of population aged

15-24 : 9.2 9.4 9.5 8.0 12.5 12.0 11.5

Labour productivity per EU-27 = 100 (based on person employed PPS per employed

person) 76.6 79.8 81.6 81.5 : 100.0 100.0

Labour productivity per EU-27 = 100 (based on hour worked PPS per hour worked)

75.9 78.2 79.0 78.6 : 100.0 100.0 Nominal unit labour cost % change from growth previous year 7.4 0.4 -1.3 0.3 0.7 0.6 0.3 Real unit labour cost % change from growth previous year 1.9 -0.4 -2.1 -0.7 -0.7 -0.5 -1.0 Gender pay gap : 6.3 7.0 8.1 : 16.7 16.3 : Involuntary temporary as % of total employment employees 6.2 9.1 10.8 10.6 9.7 8.7 u 8.8 u 8.8 u

share of people in current job 12 months

Newly employed or less in total employment 12.2 11.7 9.9 13.5 12.3 13.8 14.3 14.6

At-risk-of-poverty rate of unemployed : 46.2 45.3 44.8 : 47.3 47.5 : unemployment trap - tax rate on low wage earners : 89.8 89.7 89.6 : 74.0 74.0 : Inactivity and part-time work due to personal and family responisibilities : 1.1 1.3 1.3 1.3 5.2 5.3 5.4

% change over the

Job vacancy rate recent 3 years : 0.8 0.9 1.1 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.7

Share of adult population with upper

secondary or tertiary age 25-64

education 75.3 85.5 85.7 86.8 87.3 75.9 76.5 77.0

Percentage of adult population participating age 25-64 in education and training

• : 

  12.5 12.1 11.9 11.6 10.8 10.7 10.8

Source: Eurostat database (labour market statistics, national accounts), National Reform Programmes Notes: b - break in series, p - provisional, c - confidental, e - estimated, n - not siginifcant, f - forecast, s - Eurostat estimate, z - not applicable, u - unreliable, ":" - not available

• 3. 

  Key employment challenges Slovenia, June 2017

Employment Key employment challenge Particularly good labour

policy area market outcome

• 1. 

  Increase Very low employment rate of older workers. Very high employment rates of non-EU

labour market nationals, including those recently

participation Low activity rate of low-skilled workers. arrived.

• 2. 

  Enhancing labour market functioning; combating segmentation

• 3. 

  Active labour Despite a positive trend, persistently low spending

market policies in ALMPs and low participation of older and lowskilled workers.

• 4. 

  Adequate and employment oriented social security systems

• 5. 

  Work-life Low levels of inactivity or part time work

balance due to family responsibilities.

• 6. 

  Job creation

• 7. 

  Gender Low gender pay gap. equality

• 8. 

  Improving skill supply and productivity;

Lifelong learning

• 9. 

  Improving education and training systems

• 10. 

  Wage setting mechanisms and labour cost developments

SLOVAKIA

• 1. 

  Progress towards the national employment rate target

DG B 1C EN

• 2. 

  Key indicators on labour market performance

Slovakia

2020 national 2014 2015 2016 2020 EU Indicator Unit 2000 2013 2014 2015 2016 target EU28-total target

Overall employment rate % of population aged

20 - 64 63.5 65.0 65.9 67.7 69.8 72.0 69.2 70.1 71.1 75.0

% of pop. 18-24 with

at most lower sec.

Early leavers from

educ. and not in

education and training

further education or

training : 6.4 6.7 6.9 7.4 6.0 11.2 11.0 10.7 less than 10

% completion of

Tertiary educational

tertiary or equivalent

attainment

education (30-34) 10.6 26.9 26.9 28.4 31.5 40.0 37.9 38.7 39.1 40.0

Overall employment % change from

growth previous year -1.4 b 0.0 1.3 2.4 2.8 1.0 1.1 1.5

Employment rate of % of female women population aged 20 -

64 57.2 57.8 58.6 60.3 62.7 63.5 64.3 65.3 % of male population

Employment rate of men aged 20 - 64 70.0 72.2 73.2 75.0 76.9 75.0 75.9 76.9

Employment rate of % of population aged older workers 55 - 64 21.3 44.0 44.8 47.0 49.0 51.8 53.3 55.3

difference in the employment rate

Employment gender gap between men and women in percentage points 12.8 14.4 14.6 14.7 14.2 11.5 11.6 11.6

Employment rate of % of population aged young persons 20 - 29 57.7 51.9 53.2 57.1 59.4 60.2 61.4 62.6

% of population with Employment rate of low at most lower skilled persons secondary education

aged 20 - 64 29.5 30.3 31.6 33.2 35.9 51.8 52.6 53.6 % of population with

Employment rate of nonnon-EU citizenship

EU nationals aged 20 - 64 : : :u : :u 78.8 u 65.5 u 56.4 56.7 56.6

Part-time employment % of total employment 1.9 4.7 5.2 6.0 6.0 20.3 20.3

Temporary employees % of total employees 4.0 6.8 8.8 10.5 9.9 13.9 14.1 Overall unemployment

% of labour force rate 18.9 14.2 13.2 11.5 9.7 10.2 9.4 8.5

Long-term % of labour force

unemployment 10.3 10.0 9.3 7.6 5.8 5.0 4.5 4.0 Youth unemployment % of youth labour rate force (15-24) 36.9 33.7 29.7 26.5 22.2 22.2 20.3 18.7

% of population aged Youth NEET rate

15-24 : 13.7 12.8 13.7 12.3 12.5 12.0 11.5 EU-27 = 100 (based on

Labour productivity per PPS per employed

person employed person) 59.0 83.8 84.1 83.2 : 100.0 100.0

Labour productivity per EU-27 = 100 (based on hour worked PPS per hour worked)

55.1 77.0 77.8 77.2 : 100.0 100.0 Nominal unit labour cost % change from growth previous year 9.7 0.3 0.7 1.3 0.8 0.6 0.3 Real unit labour cost % change from growth previous year 0.3 -0.2 0.9 1.5 1.1 -0.5 -1.0 Gender pay gap : 18.8 19.7 19.6 : 16.7 16.3 : Involuntary temporary as % of total employment employees 3.1 5.9 7.7 9.1 6.6 8.7 u 8.8 u 8.8 u

share of people in current job 12 months

Newly employed or less in total employment : 9.0 10.6 12.8 13.2 13.8 14.3 14.6

At-risk-of-poverty rate of unemployed : 43.8 48.7 45.5 : 47.3 47.5 : unemployment trap - tax rate on low wage earners : 44.3 44.5 44.7 : 74.0 74.0 : Inactivity and part-time work due to personal and family responisibilities : 4.7 4.8 4.8 4.9 5.2 5.3 5.4

% change over the Job vacancy rate

recent 3 years : 0.8 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.4 1.5 1.7 Share of adult population with upper

age 25-64 secondary or tertiary education 83.8 91.9 91.0 91.4 91.9 75.9 76.5 77.0

Percentage of adult population participating age 25-64 in education and training

• : 

  3.1 3.1 3.1 2.9 10.8 10.7 10.8

Source: Eurostat database (labour market statistics, national accounts), National Reform Programmes Notes: b - break in series, p - provisional, c - confidental, e - estimated, n - not siginifcant, f - forecast, s - Eurostat estimate, z - not applicable, u - unreliable, ":" - not available

• 3. 

  Key employment challenges Slovakia, June 2017

Employment Key employment challenge Particularly

policy area good labour

market outcome

• 1. 

  Increase Employment rate of low-skilled is low, although with some

labour market positive developments

participation

• 2. 

  Enhancing labour market functioning; combating segmentation

• 3. 

  Active labour Insufficient provision of individualized services to the long-term

market policies unemployed Long-term unemployment and the share of long-term

unemployed in total unemployment are high but decreasing. Expenditure on active labour market policies as a percentage of GDP remains low.

• 4. 

  Adequate and Unemployment benefit duration is short. Unemployment and

employment High poverty rate for those living in (quasi-)jobless households. low-wage traps are low.

oriented social security systems

• 5. 

  Work-life High inactivity due to family responsibility.

balance Childcare uptake is lower than the EU average, in particular for children below 3.

Very high employment impact of parenthood on women.

• 6. 

  Job creation

• 7. 

  Gender Gender employment gap is higher than the EU average, in Inactivity trap for the

equality particular for young women (20-29). second member of a couple is low.

• 8. 

  Improving skill Low participation in lifelong learning and no second-chance

supply and education schemes for low-skilled

productivity; Adult participation in education and training is lower than the EU

Lifelong learning average for unemployed, employed and inactive.

• 9. 

  Improving Poor educational outcomes and socio-economic inequalities in

education and education

training systems Low attractiveness of the teaching profession Completion of tertiary education (age 30-34) is low but

increasing.

• 10. 

  Wage setting mechanisms and labour cost developments

FINLAND

• 1. 

  Progress towards the national employment rate target

DG B 1C EN

• 2. 

  Key indicators on labour market performance

Finland

2020 national 2014 2015 2016 2020 EU Indicator Unit 2000 2013 2014 2015 2016 target EU28-total target

% of population aged Overall employment rate

20 - 64 71.6 73.3 73.1 72.9 73.4 78.0 69.2 70.1 71.1 75.0

% of pop. 18-24 with

at most lower sec.

Early leavers from

educ. and not in

education and training

further education or

training 9.0 b 9.3 9.5 9.2 7.9 8.0 11.2 11.0 10.7 less than 10

% completion of

Tertiary educational

tertiary or equivalent

attainment

education (30-34) 40.3 b 45.1 45.3 45.5 46.1 42.0 37.9 38.7 39.1 40.0

Overall employment % change from

growth previous year 1.6 -1.2 -0.7 -0.8 0.5 1.0 1.1 1.5

% of female

Employment rate of

population aged 20 -

women

64 68.2 71.9 72.1 71.8 71.7 63.5 64.3 65.3

% of male population

Employment rate of men

aged 20 - 64 74.9 74.7 74.0 73.9 75.0 75.0 75.9 76.9

Employment rate of % of population aged

older workers 55 - 64 41.7 58.5 59.1 60.0 61.4 51.8 53.3 55.3

difference in the

employment rate

Employment gender gap between men and

women in percentage

points 6.7 2.8 1.9 2.1 3.3 11.5 11.6 11.6

Employment rate of % of population aged

young persons 20 - 29 68.5 b 66.9 65.5 64.6 65.9 60.2 61.4 62.6

% of population with

Employment rate of low at most lower

skilled persons secondary education

aged 20 - 64 59.1 b 52.2 51.7 50.8 52.0 51.8 52.6 53.6

% of population with

Employment rate of non

EU nationals non-EU citizenship

aged 20 - 64 : 53.0 50.0 48.1 46.5 56.4 56.7 56.6

Part-time employment % of total employment 12.2 b 15.1 15.4 15.5 16.3 20.3 20.3

Temporary employees % of total employees 17.7 b 15.3 15.4 15.1 15.6 13.9 14.1 Overall unemployment % of labour force rate 9.8 8.2 8.7 9.4 8.8 10.2 9.4 8.5 Long-term % of labour force unemployment 2.7 1.7 1.9 2.3 2.3 5.0 4.5 4.0 Youth unemployment % of youth labour rate force (15-24) 28.4 b 19.9 20.5 22.4 20.1 22.2 20.3 18.7 % of population aged Youth NEET rate 15-24 9.7 9.3 10.2 10.6 9.9 12.5 12.0 11.5 EU-27 = 100 (based on Labour productivity per PPS per employed person employed person) 117.5 108.4 107.5 107.9 : 100.0 100.0

Labour productivity per EU-27 = 100 (based on hour worked PPS per hour worked) 114.4 107.6 107.0 107.0 : 100.0 100.0 Nominal unit labour cost % change from growth previous year 0.5 1.4 1.1 1.0 0.1 0.6 0.3 Real unit labour cost % change from growth previous year -1.1 -1.1 -0.6 -0.7 -0.8 -0.5 -1.0 Gender pay gap : 18.8 18.4 17.3 p : 16.7 16.3 : Involuntary temporary as % of total employment employees 10.6 b 10.2 10.8 11.0 11.2 8.7 u 8.8 u 8.8 u share of people in current job 12 months Newly employed or less in total employment 22.4 b 19.0 18.6 18.2 19.8 13.8 14.3 14.6 At-risk-of-poverty rate of unemployed : 37.5 46.8 39.6 37.2 47.3 47.5 : unemployment trap - tax rate on low wage earners : 75.6 81.5 76.3 : 74.0 74.0 : Inactivity and part-time work due to personal and family responisibilities : 3.2 2.8 3.0 2.9 5.2 5.3 5.4 % change over the Job vacancy rate recent 3 years : 1.9 1.6 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.7 Share of adult population with upper age 25-64 secondary or tertiary education 73.2 b 85.9 86.5 87.7 88.1 75.9 76.5 77.0

Percentage of adult population participating age 25-64 in education and training : 24.9 25.1 25.4 26.4 10.8 10.7 10.8 Source: Eurostat database (labour market statistics, national accounts), National Reform Programmes Notes: b - break in series, p - provisional, c - confidental, e - estimated, n - not siginifcant, f - forecast, s - Eurostat estimate, z - not applicable, u - unreliable, ":" - not available

• 3. 

  Key employment challenges Finland, June 2017

Employment Key employment challenge Particularly Good labour

policy area market outcome

• 1. 

  Increase While the activity rate is improving overall, it has High participation in education and

labour market declined for the 25-39 age group, and is particularly training for older workers (55-64)

participation low for third country nationals

The youth unemployment ratio is high; the youth unemployment and NEET rates are deteriorating

Low and decreasing employment rate for non-EU nationals

• 2. 

  Enhancing Comparatively high separation rate labour market functioning; combating segmentation

• 3. 

  Active labour Cuts in the ALMPs budget risk hampering their

market policies effectiveness and coverage especially for disadvantaged groups

Increase in long-term unemployment.

• 4. 

  Adequate and Low-wage trap is higher than the EU-average Low in-work poverty risk

employment Low at-risk-of-poverty rate of the

oriented social unemployed

security systems

• 5. 

  Work-life Increasing take-up of childcare

balance Relatively low rate of inactivity and parttime

work due to personal and family responsibilities

• 6. 

  Job creation Low employment growth and low job vacancy rate

• 7. 

  Gender Significantly better than average gender

equality employment gap

• 8. 

  Improving skill High percentage of adult population

supply and participating in education and training

productivity;

Lifelong learning

• 9. 

  Improving Low share of participation in early education (4 years High share of well-educated adult

education and of age to age of compulsory education) population

training systems

• 10. 

  Wage setting mechanisms and labour cost developments

SWEDEN

• 1. 

  Progress towards the national employment rate target

DG B 1C EN

• 2. 

  Key indicators on labour market performance

Sweden

2020 national 2014 2015 2016 2020 EU Indicator Unit 2000 2013 2014 2015 2016 target EU28-total target

% of population aged Overall employment rate

20 - 64 76.8 e 79.8 80.0 80.5 81.2 well over 80 69.2 70.1 71.1 75.0

% of pop. 18-24 with

at most lower sec.

Early leavers from

educ. and not in

education and training

further education or

training 7.3 7.1 6.7 7.0 7.4 less than 10 11.2 11.0 10.7 less than 10

% completion of

Tertiary educational

tertiary or equivalent

attainment

education (30-34) 31.8 48.3 49.9 50.2 51.0 40-45 37.9 38.7 39.1 40.0

Overall employment % change from

growth previous year 2.2 e 1.0 0.9 1.4 1.6 1.0 1.1 1.5

% of female

Employment rate of

population aged 20 -

women

64 74.6 e 77.2 77.6 78.3 79.2 63.5 64.3 65.3

% of male population

Employment rate of men

aged 20 - 64 79.0 e 82.2 82.2 82.5 83.0 75.0 75.9 76.9

Employment rate of % of population aged

older workers 55 - 64 64.8 e 73.6 74.0 74.5 75.5 51.8 53.3 55.3

difference in the

employment rate

Employment gender gap between men and

women in percentage

points 4.4 e 5.0 4.6 4.2 3.8 11.5 11.6 11.6

Employment rate of % of population aged

young persons 20 - 29 66.1 67.9 68.5 69.7 70.9 60.2 61.4 62.6

% of population with

Employment rate of low at most lower

skilled persons secondary education

aged 20 - 64 65.4 61.0 61.0 60.9 61.0 51.8 52.6 53.6

% of population with

Employment rate of nonnon-EU

citizenship

EU nationals

aged 20 - 64 : 50.1 51.5 50.7 51.6 56.4 56.7 56.6

Part-time employment % of total employment 22.8 26.2 26.2 26.0 25.6 20.3 20.3

Temporary employees % of total employees 14.3 16.3 16.8 16.6 16.1 13.9 14.1 Overall unemployment % of labour force rate 5.6 i 8.0 7.9 7.4 6.9 10.2 9.4 8.5 Long-term % of labour force unemployment : 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.3 5.0 4.5 4.0 Youth unemployment % of youth labour rate force (15-24) 9.5 23.5 22.9 20.4 18.9 22.2 20.3 18.7 % of population aged Youth NEET rate 15-24 6.3 u 7.5 7.2 6.7 6.5 12.5 12.0 11.5 EU-27 = 100 (based on Labour productivity per PPS per employed person employed person) 117.8 114.2 112.9 113.4 : 100.0 100.0

Labour productivity per EU-27 = 100 (based on hour worked PPS per hour worked) 121.7 115.5 114.3 114.6 : 100.0 100.0 Nominal unit labour cost % change from growth previous year 4.5 1.7 1.0 0.9 1.7 0.6 0.3 Real unit labour cost % change from growth previous year 2.9 0.6 -0.7 -1.1 -0.6 -0.5 -1.0 Gender pay gap : 14.6 13.8 14.0 : 16.7 16.3 : Involuntary temporary as % of total employment employees 8.4 9.6 10.0 9.8 8.9 8.7 u 8.8 u 8.8 u share of people in current job 12 months Newly employed or less in total employment 15.3 19.8 20.4 20.9 21.4 13.8 14.3 14.6 At-risk-of-poverty rate of unemployed : 42.4 41.3 39.3 : 47.3 47.5 : unemployment trap - tax rate on low wage earners : 71.3 69.5 68.6 : 74.0 74.0 : Inactivity and part-time work due to personal and family responisibilities : 3.6 3.5 3.5 3.5 5.2 5.3 5.4 % change over the Job vacancy rate recent 3 years : 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.9 1.4 1.5 1.7 Share of adult population with upper age 25-64 secondary or tertiary education 77.2 83.2 83.7 84.3 85.0 75.9 76.5 77.0

Percentage of adult population participating age 25-64 in education and training : 28.4 29.2 29.4 29.6 10.8 10.7 10.8

Source: Eurostat database (labour market statistics, national accounts), National Reform Programmes Notes: b - break in series, p - provisional, c - confidental, e - estimated, n - not siginifcant, f - forecast, s - Eurostat estimate, z - not applicable, u - unreliable, ":" - not available

• 3. 

  Key employment challenges Sweden, June 2017

Employment Key employment Particularly good labour market

policy area challenge outcome

• 1. 

  Increase Employment rate of non-EU Employment rate, including for women, young and

labour market nationals is lower than EU average. older people, is significantly higher than EU average.

participation Duration of working life is significantly higher than

EU average. NEET rate (15-24) is significantly lower than EU average.

• 2. 

  Enhancing Hiring rate and rate of newly employed, including

labour market young people, significantly higher than EU average.

functioning; combating segmentation

• 3. 

  Active labour Share of long-term unemployment significantly lower

market policies than EU average and decreasing. Expenditure on ALMP and participants in regular

activation measures are higher than EU average.

• 4. 

  Adequate and At-risk-of-poverty rate of unemployed is lower than

employment EU average and decreasing.

oriented social security systems

• 5. 

  Work-life Uptake of childcare significantly higher than the EU

balance average for the 0-3 age category.

• 6. 

  Job creation

• 7. 

  Gender Almost no gap in employment rate between men

equality and women.

• 8. 

  Improving skill Participation in lifelong learning and adult education

supply and is significantly higher than the EU average both for

productivity; employed and unemployed/inactive.

Lifelong learning

• 9. 

  Improving School outcomes are at the EU Early leavers from education and training lower than

education and average but equity is declining EU average.

training systems Annual expenditure per capita in higher education significantly higher than EU average. Share of adult

population having attained tertiary education is high and increasing.

• 10. 

  Wage setting mechanisms and labour cost developments

UNITED KINGDOM

• 1. 

  Progress towards the national employment rate target

DG B 1C EN

• 2. 

  Key indicators on labour market performance

United Kingdom

2020 national 2014 2015 2016 2020 EU Indicator Unit 2000 2013 2014 2015 2016 target EU28-total target

Overall employment rate % of population aged

20 - 64 74.0 74.8 76.2 76.8 77.6 n.a. 69.2 70.1 71.1 75.0

% of pop. 18-24 with

Early leavers from at most lower sec.

educ. and not in

education and training further education or

training 18.2 12.4 11.8 10.8 11.2 n.a 11.2 11.0 10.7 less than 10 % completion of

Tertiary educational

attainment tertiary or equivalent

education (30-34) 29.0 47.4 47.7 47.9 48.1 n.a. 37.9 38.7 39.1 40.0 Overall employment % change from growth previous year 1.2 e 0.9 2.2 1.6 1.4 1.0 1.1 1.5

Employment rate of % of female

population aged 20 - women

64 66.8 69.3 70.6 71.3 72.1 63.5 64.3 65.3 % of male population

Employment rate of men aged 20 - 64 81.4 80.4 81.9 82.5 83.1 75.0 75.9 76.9

Employment rate of % of population aged older workers 55 - 64 50.7 59.8 61.0 62.2 63.4 51.8 53.3 55.3

difference in the employment rate

Employment gender gap between men and women in percentage points 14.6 11.1 11.3 11.2 11.0 11.5 11.6 11.6

Employment rate of % of population aged young persons 20 - 29 75.1 70.7 72.6 74.2 75.5 60.2 61.4 62.6

% of population with Employment rate of low at most lower skilled persons secondary education

aged 20 - 64 64.5 56.8 58.8 59.7 62.1 51.8 52.6 53.6 % of population with

Employment rate of non

EU nationals non-EU citizenship

aged 20 - 64 : 61.8 62.7 63.4 63.6 56.4 56.7 56.6

Part-time employment % of total employment 25.1 26.9 26.6 26.5 26.6 20.3 20.3

Temporary employees % of total employees 6.6 6.1 6.3 6.1 6.0 13.9 14.1 Overall unemployment

% of labour force rate 5.4 7.6 6.1 5.3 4.8 10.2 9.4 8.5 Long-term

unemployment % of labour force 1.5 2.7 2.2 1.6 1.3 5.0 4.5 4.0

Youth unemployment % of youth labour rate force (15-24) 12.0 20.7 17.0 14.6 13.0 22.2 20.3 18.7

Youth NEET rate % of population aged

15-24 10.9 13.2 11.9 11.1 10.9 12.5 12.0 11.5 EU-27 = 100 (based on

Labour productivity per

person employed PPS per employed

person) 108.9 101.3 101.7 101.1 : 100.0 100.0

Labour productivity per EU-27 = 100 (based on hour worked PPS per hour worked)

108.7 98.8 98.9 99.3 : 100.0 100.0 Nominal unit labour cost % change from growth previous year 3.0 1.3 -0.3 0.5 1.6 0.6 0.3 Real unit labour cost % change from growth previous year 1.0 -0.6 -1.9 -0.1 0.5 -0.5 -1.0 Gender pay gap : 20.5 20.9 20.8 e : 16.7 16.3 : Involuntary temporary as % of total employment employees : : : : : 8.7 u 8.8 u 8.8 u

share of people in current job 12 months

Newly employed or less in total employment 20.4 15.6 16.6 17.6 17.2 13.8 14.3 14.6

At-risk-of-poverty rate of unemployed : 43.9 57.9 48.3 : 47.3 47.5 : unemployment trap - tax rate on low wage earners : 62.7 62.4 61.6 : 74.0 74.0 : Inactivity and part-time work due to personal and family responisibilities : 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.2 5.2 5.3 5.4

% change over the Job vacancy rate

recent 3 years : 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 1.4 1.5 1.7 Share of adult population with upper

age 25-64 secondary or tertiary education 64.4 u 78.3 79.2 79.7 79.5 75.9 76.5 77.0

Percentage of adult population participating age 25-64 in education and training

• : 

  16.6 16.3 15.7 14.4 10.8 10.7 10.8 Source: Eurostat database (labour market statistics, national accounts), National Reform Programmes

Notes: b - break in series, p - provisional, c - confidental, e - estimated, n - not siginifcant, f - forecast, s - Eurostat estimate, z - not applicable, u - unreliable, ":" - not available

• 3. 

  Key employment challenges United Kingdom, June 2017

Employment Key employment challenge Particularly good

policy area labour market outcome

• 1. 

  Increase The ratio of the youth unemployment rate (15-24) to High employment rate for young

labour market the overall unemployment rate is comparatively high. people (20-29).

participation

• 2. 

  Enhancing High transition rates from

labour market temporary to permanent

functioning; employment.

combating Low share of long-term

segmentation unemployed.

• 3. 

  Active labour market policies

• 4. 

  Adequate and Comparatively low transitions by pay level, in particular

employment for women.

oriented social security systems

• 5. 

  Work-life Relatively high inactivity and part-time work partly due

balance to lack of suitable care services for children and other dependents.

High level of inactivity and part-time work due to personal and family responsibilities.

High employment impact of parenthood.

• 6. 

  Job creation High number of vacancies.

• 7. 

  Gender equality

• 8. 

  Improving skill Skills mismatches persist alongside comparatively low The share of the population with

supply and skill levels and progression prospects for parts of the tertiary education is above the

productivity; population. EU average.

Lifelong learning

• 9. 

  Improving education and training systems

• 10. 

  Wage setting mechanisms and labour cost developments

PART III – Readings from the JAF modules

• 1. 

  YG module "Results and impact of the Youth Guarantee"

The 2016 data collection exercise (reference year 2015) for monitoring Youth Guarantee (YG) schemes has seen a clear improvement in the completion and quality of data compared to the 2015 exercise. Although in most countries a sound methodological approach for the collection and compilation of YG data under the Indicator Framework is now in place, data are not perfect in all cases and some improvements are still needed 6 . Moreover, it should be noted that the monitoring process under the Indicator Framework is not intended to focus on one indicator ahead of another but to use the combined results of the full indicator set to contribute to an overall interpretation of the situation in each Member State 7 . The challenges and good outcomes identified for the year 2017 (based on 2015 data) should therefore be treated with caution.

Member Key Employment Challenge 8 Particularly Good labour market outcome

State

Belgium High proportion of the NEET population

covered by the YG*

Bulgaria Employment rate for younger workers is low,

with some positive developments for men. The youth NEET is significantly higher than the EU-average, with some positive developments. The proportion of young people that remain in the YG beyond the 4 month target and the proportion that leave with a positive result within 4 months are not far from the EU average but the coverage rate of the YG target population is low*

6 Key areas for improvement relate to the completion of follow-up data (still not available for 8 Member States) and reducing the number of unknown destinations and subsequent situations in both exit and follow-up data. 7 More information on the results per Member State and on the specificities of the data sets can be found in the

Member State fiches available at http://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=1143&langId=en

8 Results for " Positive and timely exits from the YG preparatory phase " refer to young people leaving the YG

to take up an offer within four months of joining. In practice, some of the young people that took up an offer

after more than four months will have received a confirmed offer of work, education, an apprenticeship or a

traineeship earlier but were unable to take it up within the four month monitoring point because the offer

started only at a later date. Therefore, results for this indicator are likely to underestimate the number of young

people treated within the four month target. At the same time, this approach avoids the risk of counting offers

received, and possibly accepted, by the young person but not actually taken up (i.e. not started).

• * 

  Results for coverage rates are based on the indicator "average annual stock of young people in the YG

preparatory phase / NEET population (annual average)" included in the Indicator Framework for Monitoring

the Youth Guarantee. This indicator combines administrative and survey data. Whilst this is not ideal, the

indicator is useful to give an approximate indication of the possible proportion of NEETs registered in the YG

scheme. Results should therefore be interpreted as an estimation, rather than a definitive measurement, of the

extent to which YG schemes achieve the objective of reaching all young people that become, or are already,

NEET. Conclusions on the results and impact of the YG in Member States should never be drawn on the basis

of this indicator only.

Czech NEET is low, in particular for men. Republic Youth unemployment is low.

High proportion of young people leave the

YG with a positive result within the 4

month target.

Denmark The rate of young NEETs (15-24) is

significantly lower than the EU average, this is particularly the case for women. High proportion of young people leave the YG with a positive result within the 4 month target. High proportion of the NEET population covered by the YG*. High proportion of young people in a positive situation 6 months and 12 months after exiting the YG.

Germany The employment rate for young people is

high. The youth unemployment ratio and NEET rate are at very low levels. High proportion of the NEET population covered by the YG*.

Estonia The proportion of young people that remain in Low proportion of young people remain in

the YG beyond the 4 month target is low and the YG beyond the 4 month target the proportion that leave with a positive result within 4 months is better than the EU average but the coverage rate of the YG target

*

population is low

Ireland 9 High proportion of young people remain in the High proportion of young people in a

YG beyond the 4 month target positive situation 6 months and 12

months after exiting the YG

• * 

  Results for coverage rates are based on the indicator "average annual stock of young people in the YG preparatory phase / NEET population (annual average)" included in the Indicator Framework for Monitoring the Youth Guarantee. This indicator combines administrative and survey data. Whilst this is not ideal, the indicator is useful to give an approximate indication of the possible proportion of NEETs registered in the YG scheme. Results should therefore be interpreted as an estimation, rather than a definitive measurement, of the extent to which YG schemes achieve the objective of reaching all young people that become, or are already, NEET. Conclusions on the results and impact of the YG in Member States should never be drawn on the basis of this indicator only.

9 For Ireland, 2015 data refer to unemployment benefit recipients aged 18-24 and therefore miss support provided to NEETs aged 16-17 through the education and training system. Moreover, data refer only to unemployment benefit recipients aged 18-24.

Greece Despite decreasing in recent years, youth Significant reduction of early school

unemployment is still high. leavers. High incidence of young NEET but showing positive development. Low proportion of young people leave the YG with a positive result within the 4 month target 10 .

10 For Greece, the number of positive outcomes is likely to be understated due i) to the relative high proportion of leavers for which the destination of exits is unknown (some of this group could be in a positive situation) and ii) to remaining jobseekers who continue being treated as stock in the YG, although they have started a traineeship. These two situations occur since there is no obligation for the training providers to announce the traineeship start to the PES.

Spain Still low (though improving) employment rates High proportion of young people leave the

for young people. YG with a positive result within the 4 High (though decreasing) incidence of youth month target unemployment and NEET. High (though decreasing) early school leaving rate. Low (though increasing) share of young people with at least secondary education. The proportion of young people that leave the YG with a positive result within the 4 month target is high but the coverage rate of the YG target population is low although growing fast *

France Youth unemployment rate is above the EU High proportion of the NEET population

average, specifically for lower educated young covered by the YG*. people (ISCED 0-2) High proportion of young people remain in the YG beyond the 4 month target. Low proportion of young people leave the YG with a positive result within the 4 month target.

Croatia Youth unemployment and youth NEET rates are Significant drop of unemployment rate for

still high, with positive developments youth aged 15-24 The completion rate in tertiary or equivalent Youth education attainment level is education (age group 30-34) is still below the significantly (at least upper secondary) EU-average, especially for men, with positive higher than the EU-average. developments. Percentage of early school leavers is lower than the EU average. High proportion of the NEET population covered by the YG*. High proportion of young people in a positive situation 6 months and 12 months after exiting the YG.

Italy Despite decreasing, youth unemployment and High proportion of young people leave the

NEET rates still higher than EU average. YG with a positive result within the 4 The proportion of young people that leave the month target. YG with a positive result within the 4 month High proportion of young people in a target is high but the coverage rate of the YG positive situation 6 months after exiting target population is low*. the YG

Cyprus High unemployment rate for young people. High share of young population with at

High (but decreasing) NEET rate. least upper secondary education. The proportion of young people that remain in Low proportion of young people remain in the YG beyond the 4 month target is low but the YG beyond the 4 month target the proportion that leave the YG with a positive result within the 4 month target 11 and the coverage rate of the YG target population are low * .

Latvia The proportion of young people that remain in

the YG beyond the 4 month target and the proportion that leave with a positive result within 4 months are around the EU average but the coverage rate of the YG target population is low*

Lithuania Unemployment rates for youth show

positive development. Low share of early school leavers.

Luxembourg The proportion of young people that remain in Low NEET rate

the YG beyond the 4 month target is low but Low proportion of young people remain in the coverage rate of the YG target population is the YG beyond the 4 month target. low* High proportion of young people in a positive situation 6 months and 12 months after exiting the YG.

Hungary The proportion of young people that remain in Low proportion of young people remain in

the YG beyond the 4 month target is low and the YG beyond the 4 month target. the proportion that leave with a positive result High proportion of young people leave the within 4 months is high but the coverage rate YG with a positive result within the 4 of the YG target population is low* month target. High proportion of young people in a positive situation 6 months after exiting the YG.

11 For Cyprus, the number of positive outcomes is likely to be understated due to the relative high proportion of leavers for which the destination on exit is unknown (some of this group could be in a positive situation). * Results for coverage rates are based on the indicator "average annual stock of young people in the YG

preparatory phase / NEET population (annual average)" included in the Indicator Framework for Monitoring the Youth Guarantee. This indicator combines administrative and survey data. Whilst this is not ideal, the indicator is useful to give an approximate indication of the possible proportion of NEETs registered in the YG scheme. Results should therefore be interpreted as an estimation, rather than a definitive measurement, of the extent to which YG schemes achieve the objective of reaching all young people that become, or are already, NEET. Conclusions on the results and impact of the YG in Member States should never be drawn on the basis of this indicator only.

Malta Early school leaving remains high

The proportion of young people that remain in Low proportion of young people remain in the YG beyond the 4 month target is low and the YG beyond the 4 month target. the proportion that leave with a positive result High proportion of young people leave the within 4 months is high but the coverage rate YG with a positive result within the 4 of the YG target population is low* month target. High proportion of young people in a positive situation 6 months and 12 months after exiting the YG.

Netherlands Low NEET rate

Austria Low rate of NEETS (15-24).

Low youth unemployment rate. Low proportion of young people remain in the YG beyond the 4 month target. High proportion of the NEET population covered by the YG*. High proportion of young people in a positive situation 6 months and 12 months after exiting the YG

Poland Low level of early school leavers

High proportion of the NEET population covered by the YG*

Portugal High, although decreasing, level of youth Low and decreasing share of inactive

unemployment. NEETs. Young people with at least upper secondary education below the EU average, but showing positive developments.

Romania High NEET rates (15- 24) and increasing for Low proportion of young people remain in

women. the YG beyond the 4 month target High and increasing share of inactive NEETs.

Low rate of tertiary education attainment (30- 34) The proportion of young people that remain in the YG beyond the 4 month target is low but the coverage rate of the YG target population is low. *

Slovenia

• * 

  Results for coverage rates are based on the indicator "average annual stock of young people in the YG preparatory phase / NEET population (annual average)" included in the Indicator Framework for Monitoring the Youth Guarantee. This indicator combines administrative and survey data. Whilst this is not ideal, the indicator is useful to give an approximate indication of the possible proportion of NEETs registered in the YG scheme. Results should therefore be interpreted as an estimation, rather than a definitive measurement, of the extent to which YG schemes achieve the objective of reaching all young people that become, or are already, NEET. Conclusions on the results and impact of the YG in Member States should never be drawn on the basis of this indicator only.

  Slovakia Completion of tertiary education (age 30-34) is

  low but increasing. High proportion of young people remain in the YG beyond the 4 month target. Low proportion of young people leaves the YG with a positive result within the 4 month target.

Finland The youth unemployment ratio is high High proportion of the NEET population

The youth unemployment and NEET rates are covered by the YG* deteriorating.

Sweden Employment rate for young people is

significantly higher than EU average. NEET rate (15-24) is significantly lower than EU average. Early leavers from education and training lower than EU average.

United The ratio of the youth unemployment rate (15- High employment rate for young people

Kingdom 12 24) to the overall unemployment rate is (20-29).

comparatively high. The proportion of young people that remain in the YG beyond the 4 month target is around the EU average but the proportion that leaves the YG with a positive result within the 4 month target 13 and the coverage rate of the YG target population are low*

12 For the UK, 2015 data refer to flows of young people aged 18-24 on and off unemployment benefits (JSA and the employment element of Universal Credit). Data miss support provided to NEETs aged 16-17 and to older NEETS not claiming unemployment benefits.

13 Data refer to exits within 3 months rather than 4. Just over a fifth (22.2%) of those ending a benefit claim in

2015 took up an offer within 3 months, although the destination was unknown for 64.2% of leavers so that the number of positive outcomes is likely to be significantly understated. In the UK when a claimant stops claiming unemployment benefits, they are not obligated to indicate the reason for leaving. As a result, the vast majority of destinations are unknown. It is likely some of these are positive

• 2. 

  Job Quality Module

Sub-dimension Indicators and source Source Year Explanation

Mean monthly earnings in PPS, companies with 10 Structure of employees or more Earnings Survey 2014 In-work at-risk-of-poverty rate SILC 2015

1.1 Adequate Transitions by pay level - Fraction of individuals

earnings with at least the same pay level as in the previous

year SILC 2015

Q89a - Considering all my efforts and

achievements in my job, I feel I get paid % tend to agree / strongly

appropriately [Agree, about your job?] Q89a 2015 agree

Involuntary temporary employment as ( % of

employees 15-64) LFS 2016

1.2 Job and Labour Transition - employment securirty SILC 2015

career security Labour transition temporary to permanent SILC 2015

Q89b - My job offers good prospects for career % tend to agree / strongly

advancement [Agree, about your job?] Q89b 2015 agree

Continous

Vocational

Training Survey

CVT participation (CVTS) 2010

CVT-hours per participating person CVTS 2010

Q53f - Learning new things [Generally, does your

2.1 Skills main paid job involve…] Q53f. 2015 % yes

development Q56 - Tasks do require different skills Q56 2015 % yes

Q65c - On-the-job training (co-workers,

supervisors) to improve skills in Past 12 months Q65c 2015 % yes

% of all (other categories:

need further training,

could do more

Q64 - Skills correspond well to tasks. Q64 2015 demanding tasks)

Participation LLL, employed LFS 2016 % of employed

Participation LLL, unemployed LFS 2016 % of unemployed

Early leavers from education and training LFS 2016 % of population 18-24

2.2 Percentage of the population aged 25-64 having

Employability completed at least upper secondary education LFS 2016 Eurostat's

annual model

Individuals who have carried out at least 3 of 6 questionnaires

standard computer related activities on ICT 2014

Sub-dimension Indicators and source Source Year

European Statistics on

Serious accidents at work per 100 000 persons in Accidents at employment Work (ESAW) 2014 Original variables: % almost never/never exposure to vibrations, noise, high/low FACTOR NO Unhealthy Exposure Q29a-i 2015 temerature etc

Original variables: % almost never/never in painful positions; moving

3.1 Health and FACTOR NO Unhealthy Activities Q30a-e 2015 people or heavy loads etc safety at work Q33 - Well informed on risks regarding health and safety risks related to job Q33 2015 % very well/well informed % not thinking their Q73 - Health or safety NOT at risk because of your health or safety is at risk work? Q73 2015 because of your work % tthinking their work does not affect their Q74 - Work does NOT affect health Q74 2015 health original variables: % of those thinking they are not subject to verbal abuse, unwanted attention, threats, FACTOR NO Harrassment etc Q80 a-d, Q81 a-c 2015 humiliation etc Q84a - Work when sick over past 12 monthts Q84a 2015 % no Q49a - NOT Working at very high speed Q49a 2015 % almost never / never 3.2 Work Q49b - NOT Working to tight deadlines Q49b 2015 % almost never / never intensity % almost / most of the Q61g - Enough time to get the job done Q61g 2015 time Q61m - NOT experience stress in work Q61m 2015 % rarely / never Q50a - Pace of work does NOT depend on the work done by colleagues Q50a 2015 % no Q50d - Pace of work does NOT depend on automatic speed of a machine or movement of a product Q50d 2015 % no Q50e - Pace of work does NOT depend on the direct control of boss Q50e 2015 % no Q51 Do NOT often have to interrupt a task in order to take on an unforeseen task Q51 2015 % never

3.3 Autonomy Original variables: % Always / most of the time

consulted on objectives, on organising processes,

Q61c,d,f,i,n / able to take break 53 a,b,c, / whenever want, apply

FACTOR Autonomy and Impact 54a,b,c 2015 own ideas etc Q60a - Team members decide by themselves on the division of tasks Q60a 2015 Q60c - Team member decide themselves on the timetable of the work Q60c 2015 Database on Institutional Characteristics of Trade Unions, Wage Setting, State

3.4 Collective Union density rate, net union membership as a Intervention and

Interest proportion of wage earners in employment Social Pacts 2012/

Representation (ICTWSS database) (ICTWSS) 13 Index

Q71b - Health and safety delegate or committee

exist at my organisatiion Q71a 2015 % yes

Q71c - Regular meeting in which employees can

express their views about what is happening Q71b 2015 % yes

Regular meetings in which employees can express

views about what is happening Q71c 2015 % yes

Sub-dimension Indicators and source Source

Inactivity due to family or personal responsibilities LFS 2016 % population 15-64 Part-time work due to family or personal responsibilities LFS 2016 % population 15-64 Lacking formal care for small children: % of children <3 years not formally cared for SILC 2015 Employment impact of parenthood - men LFS 2015 Employment impact of parenthood - women LFS 2015

4.1 Work-life Q42 - How are your working time arrangements % 'can adapt within limits'

balance set? (more flexible) Q42 (3 and 4) 2015 and 'entirely free'

Q47 - Arranging to take an hour or two off during

working hours to take care of personal or family

matters is rel. easy Q47 (1 and 2) 2015 % very easy / fairly easy

Q39e - Do you work...? - Shifts Q39e 2015 % no

Q44 -Working hours fit in well with family or

social commitments outside work Q44 2015 % very well / well

Q46 - NOT Often have worked in free time to meet

work demands Q46 2015 % less often / never

4.2 Gender Structure of

balance Gender pay gap Earnings Survey 2014 Gender employment gap LFS 2015

Q62 - Immediate boss a woman? Q62 2015 % woman

1.1 Adequate Earnings 1.2 Job and Career Security 2.1 Skills development Transitions

by pay level - Q89a - Fraction of Considering

Mean individuals all my efforts Q89b - My Q53f - Q65c - Onmonthly with at and job offers Learning the-job earnings in least the achievements Involuntary good new things training (co PPS, same pay in my job, I temporary Labour prospects for [Generally, Q56 - workers, companies In-work atlevel as in feel I get paid employment Labour transition career CVT-hours does your Tasks do supervisors) Q64 - Skills with 10 risk-ofthe appropriately as % of total Transition - temporary advancement per main paid require to improve correspond employees poverty previous [Agree, about employees employment to [Agree, about CVT participating job different skills in Past well to or more rate year your job?] 15-64 securirty permanent your job?] participation person involve…] skills 12 months tasks.

EU28 2560.0 9.5 82.4 30.8 8.8 91.8 84.0 39.1 38.0 25.0 71.0 78.3 32.8 57.0 BE 3216.0 4.5 79.8 23.2 7.0 92.7 81.7 38.3 52.0 34.0 77.0 85.3 39.0 60.8 BG 431.0 7.8 81.9 31.7 2.8 94.4 76.3 37.2 22.0 24.0 66.2 78.6 22.7 69.5 CZ 925.0 4.0 83.6 20.6 7.8 92.6 91.4 31.9 61.0 14.0 64.4 80.4 35.2 57.9 DK 4194.0 5.1 75.5 22.2 5.0 91.7 82.5 24.0 37.0 0.0 89.4 89.8 49.7 54.5 DE 3045.0 9.6 85.2 23.3 : 92.4 86.9 42.3 39.0 23.0 64.5 78.2 37.0 53.5 EE 1066.0 10.3 76.4 30.0 0.9 91.3 77.2 33.7 31.0 26.0 81.3 76.1 50.5 49.5 IE 3778.0 4.8 84.2 33.2 5.3 91.9 82.9 33.2 : : 80.1 74.5 51.4 54.8 EL : 13.4 85.9 42.2 8.5 89.0 88.0 33.2 16.0 19.0 50.0 48.8 15.0 56.6 ES 1985.0 13.2 84.0 36.8 23.9 92.7 79.6 44.8 48.0 20.0 71.0 85.8 22.5 55.2 FR 2775.0 7.5 81.5 46.1 9.9 92.8 82.5 44.0 45.0 28.0 84.4 83.6 31.9 56.1 IT 2458.0 11.6 82.9 26.8 10.2 91.8 80.9 47.0 36.0 23.0 58.8 62.0 15.1 64.7 CY 1840.0 9.2 84.4 21.6 15.1 90.4 87.4 28.0 37.0 27.0 59.6 64.0 40.4 53.8 LV 806.0 9.4 76.6 37.4 1.9 89.1 86.3 35.5 24.0 15.0 55.6 47.4 28.3 60.8 LT 706.0 10.2 79.2 36.8 1.3 94.5 78.3 45.6 19.0 34.0 56.5 88.9 32.6 61.1 LU 4206.0 11.6 84.8 29.7 5.4 92.5 82.3 38.2 51.0 38.0 84.2 87.5 40.5 54.1 HU 811.0 9.3 77.4 27.1 7.8 91.2 79.5 30.4 19.0 32.0 53.2 57.6 19.7 53.2 HR : 5.8 83.2 37.8 17.8 87.2 86.8 45.8 23.0 29.0 70.0 94.3 24.7 61.8 MT 1720.0 5.3 85.3 34.6 3.4 95.0 90.6 33.3 36.0 40.0 85.2 80.0 40.7 59.3 NL 2988.0 5.1 85.7 29.4 9.9 91.6 92.5 38.9 39.0 35.0 80.0 92.3 38.0 58.7 AT 2806.0 7.8 77.8 21.2 0.8 88.3 85.5 38.9 33.0 30.0 72.3 85.4 29.4 46.0 PL 980.0 11.3 83.8 25.8 17.2 91.0 90.6 28.5 31.0 22.0 62.2 43.6 34.4 57.3 PT 1249.0 10.9 81.9 32.3 18.9 90.7 86.7 37.8 40.0 42.0 58.2 57.5 14.1 75.9 RO 521.0 18.6 88.0 22.9 1.1 96.9 97.4 30.5 18.0 38.0 63.3 71.8 29.4 50.6 SI 1582.0 6.7 81.5 41.5 9.7 91.2 78.7 41.0 43.0 37.0 83.3 92.4 38.6 50.4 SK 930.0 6.1 78.4 30.4 6.6 93.6 89.8 42.0 44.0 28.0 63.8 75.7 51.1 60.9 FI 3232.0 3.5 80.1 32.3 11.2 87.4 71.3 35.1 40.0 23.0 88.9 92.1 55.0 68.8 SE 3578.0 7.2 76.3 28.0 8.9 91.8 78.9 36.5 47.0 24.0 90.4 86.5 47.8 55.4 UK 3151.0 8.3 76.7 30.0 0.0 91.5 85.0 31.2 31.0 25.0 81.7 81.1 52.1 57.6

2.2 Employability 3.1 Health and Safety at Work 3.2 Work Intensity

Percentage of Individuals Early the population who have Q33 - Well leavers aged 25-64 carried out at informed on Q73 - Q74 - Q49a - from having least 3 of 6 Serious risks Health or Work Q84a - NOT Q49b - Q61g - Q61m - education completed at standard accidents at regarding safety NOT does Work when Working NOT Enough NOT Participati Participation and training least upper computer work per 100 000 health and at risk NOT FAC sick over at very Working time to experience on LLL, LLL, (% of secondary related persons in FAC FAC safety risks because of affect Harrassment past 12 high to tight get the stress in employed unemployed population) education activities employment Exposure Activity related to job your work? health etc monthts speed deadlines job done work EU28 11.6 9.6 10.7 77.0 56.0 16.5 0.0 0.0 89.4 76.0 62.4 0.0 57.4 40.0 37.0 73.0 34.1 BE 6.8 8.3 8.8 75.1 54.0 18.3 115.2 76.9 85.7 74.7 59.5 -54.1 46.8 41.9 34.8 74.6 28.3 BG 1.6 : 13.8 82.3 37.0 0.0 15.3 -18.8 96.4 74.4 67.1 160.1 77.1 66.4 44.2 90.0 59.0 CZ 9.7 4.9 6.6 93.4 51.0 36.3 59.0 97.1 95.6 86.6 76.9 -8.8 71.4 48.8 45.0 71.8 38.7 DK 27.3 34.4 7.2 80.7 69.0 13.2 95.0 89.8 89.9 79.8 52.3 -104.3 38.2 22.9 30.0 66.6 42.3 DE 8.2 6.9 10.2 86.5 65.0 14.9 61.9 91.8 91.2 82.1 65.4 19.9 67.5 37.7 34.7 70.5 27.0 EE 17.8 10.2 10.9 89.1 63.0 17.5 -60.8 58.9 94.5 67.8 47.1 -24.7 56.1 43.5 42.9 83.5 45.7 IE 5.1 8.4 6.3 80.1 49.0 17.4 69.5 115.2 93.2 79.2 63.6 -78.9 47.8 48.9 32.0 75.0 31.4 EL 3.9 3.3 6.2 71.8 46.0 7.4 -93.8 -217.5 87.1 76.1 61.6 93.3 53.7 22.0 32.7 72.1 21.8 ES 9.4 11.0 19.0 58.3 58.0 25.9 -41.0 -136.8 88.5 64.3 54.5 65.6 56.3 35.9 36.7 74.7 33.4 FR 21.0 14.5 8.8 78.1 61.0 15.0 -97.6 -57.9 78.9 66.1 54.0 -108.0 37.9 47.1 41.3 73.3 32.8 IT 9.1 5.1 13.8 60.1 48.0 31.8 106.2 68.4 85.2 87.3 73.2 114.4 72.5 38.7 46.1 77.7 39.6 CY 6.8 5.5 7.7 79.6 44.0 29.3 -66.0 -208.5 92.2 78.4 71.2 43.3 56.0 11.3 20.4 75.0 37.7 LV 7.6 8.2 10.0 90.7 55.0 : -159.0 35.8 92.7 66.4 50.4 -2.6 67.0 65.6 50.0 81.6 40.3 LT 6.7 : : 94.6 56.0 : -135.4 -80.3 96.2 72.3 58.2 38.1 74.9 48.5 41.8 84.3 49.2 LU 18.7 20.5 5.5 78.4 76.0 14.5 87.8 36.1 84.2 73.0 61.1 -67.4 41.2 43.2 40.5 78.4 27.0 HU 7.4 1.9 12.4 83.4 52.0 22.5 -109.0 20.7 91.8 81.9 74.0 102.9 69.9 31.7 36.7 78.7 37.4 HR 2.6 3.0 2.8 83.1 41.0 23.7 3.2 -106.0 89.8 73.0 55.4 65.1 59.2 47.2 43.0 78.4 37.3 MT 8.7 9.4 19.6 45.2 48.0 : 87.0 51.1 80.8 73.1 55.6 80.5 30.8 37.0 28.6 77.8 25.9 NL 20.6 18.1 8.0 77.1 62.0 11.1 173.2 141.4 84.2 80.4 52.3 -255.3 52.7 35.5 42.9 71.8 41.8 AT 15.6 16.3 6.9 84.5 64.0 16.4 24.9 65.7 90.6 75.4 64.6 -13.0 63.8 35.8 38.7 73.7 26.4 PL 4.2 3.3 5.2 91.3 42.0 42.5 -107.9 6.1 95.5 79.8 63.3 99.1 76.0 53.8 44.4 73.7 37.0 PT 10.0 9.6 14.0 46.9 55.0 18.1 146.7 -31.5 92.1 86.6 79.3 162.8 79.9 48.6 51.4 76.3 40.6 RO 1.0 : 18.5 76.7 19.0 5.1 -210.5 -207.7 94.7 78.4 76.2 60.3 69.5 17.8 23.6 81.3 51.8 SI 13.0 11.1 4.9 87.3 52.0 28.7 25.9 -19.2 93.2 65.1 45.3 -29.3 45.5 31.1 38.9 79.7 37.1 SK 3.1 1.6 7.4 91.9 56.0 13.5 -30.7 28.2 95.9 76.5 67.3 -2.1 57.5 49.6 50.6 65.7 34.8 FI 28.2 21.2 7.9 88.1 78.0 5.3 -85.1 13.6 89.2 75.1 52.1 -77.2 49.0 33.1 32.6 74.1 37.2 SE 28.7 42.9 7.4 85.0 71.0 7.2 76.0 -13.5 87.0 53.9 43.6 -190.5 42.8 23.3 31.3 67.4 23.7 UK 15.9 13.3 11.2 79.5 65.0 10.2 49.6 100.8 94.3 82.0 66.8 -89.1 40.7 44.6 25.6 65.5 31.1

3.3 Autonomy 3.4 Collective Interest Representation

Q60c - Q71a - Trade Q71c - Regular Q50d - Pace of Q51 Do NOT Team Union density rate, union, works Q71b - meeting in

Q50a - Pace work does NOT Q50e - Pace often you have Q60a - Team member net union council or a Health and which of work does depend on of work does to interrupt a members decide membership as a similar committee safety employees can NOT depend automatic speed NOT depend task in order to FAC decide by themselves proportion of wage representing delegate or express their on the work of a machine or on the direct take on an Autonomy themselves on on the earners in employees exists committee views about done by movement of a control of unforeseen and the division of timetable of employment at my exist at my what is colleagues product boss task Impact tasks the work (ICTWSS database) organsiation organisatiion happening

EU28 60.8 81.4 64.4 21.9 0.0 56.2 40.6 27.9 49.8 57.5 53.8 BE 62.3 86.4 64.4 18.6 72.0 58.0 49.0 55.1 66.1 67.3 58.2 BG 50.1 81.7 47.5 35.5 -141.8 38.6 21.8 17.5 29.4 41.8 59.8 CZ 58.0 80.9 55.6 29.3 -87.1 50.6 48.9 12.7 35.2 46.9 55.5 DK 54.3 87.0 77.4 10.1 165.0 80.2 59.9 66.8 73.0 80.5 72.7 DE 73.4 83.9 76.5 24.1 -76.0 59.7 45.2 17.7 51.0 54.9 58.1 EE 46.7 80.0 73.6 20.7 88.7 55.2 32.8 6.5 28.6 53.2 58.8 IE 52.4 84.0 59.1 16.7 65.1 57.3 44.3 33.7 46.2 75.7 59.5 EL 57.9 71.3 55.9 25.3 -106.4 30.6 32.1 21.5 34.4 27.3 37.9 ES 57.0 75.3 58.8 22.7 12.1 49.0 22.6 16.9 51.7 50.1 45.8 FR 52.9 84.0 60.1 15.7 52.4 56.8 42.5 7.7 65.6 64.1 59.8 IT 70.2 83.4 68.6 28.8 -6.5 49.7 43.4 37.3 44.3 45.2 43.4 CY 57.1 74.0 36.7 22.6 -116.4 31.8 33.3 45.2 35.7 39.0 50.0 LV 58.2 85.2 62.0 38.1 -84.4 55.0 40.0 13.1 36.6 50.5 58.1 LT 48.4 78.2 59.5 34.4 -74.9 50.4 37.0 9.0 28.9 33.6 50.6 LU 51.4 80.6 62.9 16.2 105.1 60.9 45.5 32.8 68.8 68.8 54.5 HU 52.9 79.0 40.4 31.9 -108.1 57.8 37.6 10.7 32.3 38.7 26.4 HR 55.0 83.3 57.6 25.4 -90.9 56.0 50.0 30.9 45.1 41.8 42.7 MT 44.0 84.6 52.0 14.8 185.7 52.6 47.4 52.9 47.8 56.5 52.2 NL 69.8 86.5 78.6 12.3 127.5 69.8 52.3 18.0 61.9 59.0 58.5 AT 63.4 82.1 63.9 26.5 44.3 65.5 55.4 27.4 52.4 50.2 53.6 PL 69.1 82.7 63.8 30.2 -56.5 53.8 43.6 12.7 27.8 54.8 36.0 PT 64.9 78.8 64.9 22.1 -53.9 43.5 13.1 18.5 32.3 30.3 32.5 RO 55.4 61.1 56.7 22.5 -60.2 53.5 42.4 19.8 41.1 64.0 60.6 SI 45.8 82.0 70.3 19.5 36.7 59.0 38.3 21.2 60.4 39.8 54.5 SK 63.9 80.5 56.1 33.0 -163.3 43.8 36.0 13.3 40.5 60.8 57.5 FI 59.0 82.7 87.1 10.5 150.7 77.0 54.6 69.0 74.3 81.3 64.8 SE 54.6 89.5 81.1 13.2 62.9 74.7 48.2 67.4 84.0 79.4 78.3 UK 50.9 85.7 58.9 14.3 58.3 58.9 45.4 25.7 45.5 77.5 64.9

4.1 Work-:Life Balance 4.2 Gender Balance

Q47 - Arranging to Lacking formal take an hour or

Part-time care for small Q42 - How two off during Q44 -Working Q46 - NOT Inactivity due to work due to children: % of are your working hours to hours fit in well Often have family or family or children <3 Employment Employment working time take care of Q39e - with family or worked in Q62 - personal personal years not impact of impact of arrangement personal or family Do you social free time to Gender Immediate responsibilities responsibilitie formally cared parenthood - parenthood - s set? (more matters is relly work...? - commitments meet work Gender employment boss a (% 15-64) s (% 15-64) for men women flexible) easy Shifts outside work demands pay gap gap woman? EU28 2.6 2.8 69.7 -11.9 8.6 34.9 65.7 78.7 81.3 78.1 16.3 11.6 33.9 BE 1.5 3.1 49.9 -13.2 0.4 42.0 68.6 84.7 85.5 71.1 6.5 9.3 35.7 BG 2.8 : 91.0 -6.2 14.0 18.2 71.3 74.8 83.9 86.2 15.4 7.3 33.1 CZ 4.3 0.8 97.1 -7.7 34.8 28.0 42.0 76.7 84.9 77.8 22.5 16.0 33.8 DK 0.4 0.5 22.7 -13.0 1.1 55.3 76.2 89.7 86.2 71.6 15.1 6.7 41.3 DE 2.2 4.9 74.1 -8.5 17.2 34.5 54.6 79.0 83.4 85.7 22.0 8.3 28.2 EE 4.1 0.7 78.5 -8.9 22.0 35.9 70.0 74.7 82.4 78.7 26.9 8.2 43.8 IE 4.5 2.6 69.4 -12.2 7.2 34.2 78.0 78.6 85.4 71.3 13.9 12.3 40.0 EL 1.5 0.1 88.6 -21.5 -0.5 39.0 50.9 77.6 73.4 76.2 15.0 19.0 25.0 ES 1.6 0.9 60.3 -14.0 -0.6 28.5 67.8 77.0 75.4 80.5 14.9 11.5 32.6 FR 2.4 2.3 58.2 -10.5 9.7 37.9 63.3 82.2 77.1 70.7 15.8 7.5 35.7 IT 3.4 1.6 72.7 -18.4 -0.7 37.5 66.7 82.1 81.7 83.1 5.5 20.1 29.7 CY 2.4 0.6 79.2 -15.5 1.7 23.1 55.8 84.9 83.0 81.1 14.0 9.8 23.8 LV 1.6 0.3 77.2 -14.4 9.5 29.7 73.0 79.7 82.4 80.5 17.0 2.9 39.8 LT 1.0 : 90.3 -12.6 3.0 21.1 66.1 81.4 81.4 77.8 14.2 1.9 41.7 LU 1.6 3.5 48.1 -11.4 -2.8 36.8 67.6 81.1 84.2 75.7 5.5 11.0 29.4 HU 4.5 0.3 84.7 -9.0 35.8 26.7 54.5 75.9 79.3 78.7 14.0 14.0 33.2 HR 1.4 0.2 88.2 -18.9 -5.7 23.3 60.4 60.1 82.8 77.9 10.4 9.6 32.6 MT 2.9 1.5 82.1 -9.6 8.8 22.2 81.5 77.8 81.5 76.9 10.6 27.6 26.1 NL 1.4 9.4 53.7 -11.3 2.4 52.5 85.0 85.7 88.1 68.8 16.1 11.0 30.8 AT 2.0 6.3 77.8 -7.4 10.2 41.7 67.1 89.6 86.8 80.6 21.7 7.8 28.7 PL 3.2 0.3 94.6 -15.2 6.4 31.7 65.8 68.6 83.3 80.8 7.7 14.2 35.1 PT 1.2 0.2 52.8 -17.0 -7.6 32.1 64.7 83.7 80.7 82.6 17.8 6.8 36.0 RO 1.0 0.1 90.6 -8.4 6.9 23.6 66.5 73.3 91.8 85.8 5.8 17.6 32.9 SI 0.7 0.6 62.6 -15.7 -4.1 36.8 60.3 75.2 79.4 71.3 8.1 6.6 38.2 SK 4.7 0.1 98.9 -10.2 32.4 17.6 48.2 68.6 85.0 81.6 19.6 14.2 34.0 FI 2.0 0.9 67.4 -15.3 15.8 54.6 80.0 80.2 85.6 75.9 17.3 3.3 44.3 SE 0.7 2.7 36.0 -12.3 -0.2 58.0 78.2 82.4 83.1 74.0 14.0 3.8 45.9 UK 4.4 5.8 69.6 -8.0 16.0 37.4 75.4 78.1 82.1 67.5 20.8 11.0 41.3

Annex A. National Targets

Table A1: National employment rate, education and sub-targets

Early leavers from Tertiary National sub-targets (%)

Em ploym ent rate education and educational

MS (Headline target: 75% training attainm ent

f or age group 20-64) (Headline target: (Headline target:

less than 10%) at least 40%)

AT 77-78 9.5 38 BE 73.2 9.5 47 ER of w omen 69.1; NEET 8.2; ER of older w orkers 50.0; dif f erence betw een ER-non and EU citizens <16.5

BG 76 11 36 Reducing the level of unemployment among young people (aged 15-29) to 7% in 2020;

Achieving a level of Employment among elderly people (aged 55-64) of 53% in 2020

CY 75-77 10 46

CZ 75 5.5 32 ER of w omen 65.0; ER of older w orkers 55.0;

unemployment rate (15-24) reduced by 1/3; unemployment rate of low -skilled reduced (ISCED 0-

• 2) 

  by 1/4. DE 77 less than 10 42 ER older w orkers 60.0;

ER of w omen 73.0 DK 80 less than 10 at least 40 95% of a youth cohort should complete upper

secondary educ. and 50% tertiary educ. EE 76 9.5 40 Youth unemployment 10.0;

long-term unemployment 2.5; productivity per employed person 80.0; share of adults (25-64) w ith no prof essional

qualif ication 30.0; participation rate in lif elong learning among adults

(25-64) 20.0; labour participation rate (15-64) 75.0 EL 70 9.7 32

ES 74 15 44 ER of w omen 68.5 FI 78 8 42

FR 75 9.5 50 ER of w omen 70.0 HR 65.2 4 35 HU 75 10 34 IE 69-71 8 60

IT 67-69 15-16 26-27 LT 72.8 less than 9 40 ER of w omen 69.5; ER of men 76.5; ER of older w orkers 53.4

LU 73 less than 10 40 LV 73 13.4 34-36 MT 70.0 10 33 NL 80 less than 8 45 PL 71 4.5 45 PT 75 10 40 RO 70 11.3 26.7 SE w ell over 80 less than 10 40-45 SI 75 5 40 SK 72 6 40 Long-term unemplyoment rate of 3% by 2020

UK n.a. n.a n.a.

EU average* 73.7-74.0

Source: National Reform Programmes 2017

• * 

  Weighted average of all EU Member States excluding the UK which has not set a national employment rate target

Table A2: EU and national headline target benchmark, reference year 2016

Country EU28 BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR HR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK

difference

to target -3.9 -7.3 -7.3 1.7 2.4 3.7 1.6 -4.7 -18.8 -11.1 -5.0 -13.6 -13.4 -6.2 -1.8 0.2 -4.3 -3.5 -5.4 2.1 -0.2 -5.7 -4.4 -8.7 -4.9 -5.2 -1.6 6.2 2.6

Overall difference

employment to EU 0.0 -3.4 -3.4 5.6 6.3 7.6 5.5 -0.8 -14.9 -7.2 -1.1 -9.7 -9.5 -2.3 2.1 4.1 -0.4 0.4 -1.5 6.0 3.7 -1.8 -0.5 -4.8 -1.0 -1.3 2.3 10.1 6.5

rate average

difference to national -3.9 -5.5 -8.3 1.7 -2.6 1.7 0.6 1.3 -13.8 -10.1 -5.0 : -5.4 -6.2 0.2 2.4 -2.3 -3.5 -0.4 -2.9 -2.2 -1.7 -4.4 -3.7 -4.9 -2.2 -4.6 1.2 : target

difference

to target 0.7 -1.2 3.8 -3.4 -2.8 0.2 0.9 -3.7 -3.8 9.0 -1.2 -7.2 3.8 -2.3 0.0 -5.2 -4.5 2.4 9.6 -2.0 -3.1 -4.8 4.0 8.5 -5.1 -2.6 -2.1 -2.6 1.2

Early leavers

from difference

education to EU 0.0 -1.9 3.1 -4.1 -3.5 -0.5 0.2 -4.4 -4.5 8.3 -1.9 -7.9 3.1 -3.0 -0.7 -5.9 -5.2 1.7 8.9 -2.7 -3.8 -5.5 3.3 7.8 -5.8 -3.3 -2.8 -3.3 0.5

and training average

difference to national 0.7 -0.7 2.8 1.1 -2.8 0.2 1.4 -1.7 -3.8 4.0 -0.7 : -2.2 -2.3 0.0 -4.2 -4.5 2.4 9.6 0.0 -2.6 0.7 4.0 7.2 -0.1 1.4 -0.1 0.4 : target

difference

to target -0.9 5.6 -6.2 -7.2 7.7 -6.8 5.4 12.9 2.7 0.1 3.6 -10.5 -13.8 13.4 2.8 18.7 14.6 -7.0 -10.2 5.7 0.1 4.6 -5.4 -14.4 4.2 -8.5 6.1 11.0 8.1

Tertiary difference

educational to EU 0.0 6.5 -5.3 -6.3 8.6 -5.9 6.3 13.8 3.6 1.0 4.5 -9.6 -12.9 14.3 3.7 19.6 15.5 -6.1 -9.3 6.6 1.0 5.5 -4.5 -13.5 5.1 -7.6 7.0 11.9 9.0

attainment average

difference

national -0.9 -1.4 -2.2 0.8 7.7 -8.8 5.4 -7.1 10.7 -3.9 -6.4 : 0.2 7.4 8.8 10.0 -11.4 -1.0 -3.2 5.7 2.1 -0.4 -5.4 -1.1 4.2 -8.5 4.1 6.0 :

target

Sources: DG EMPL calculations on the basis of Eurostat database (labour market statistics)

These indicators gives for each EU member state the difference between the level for an indicator to the agreed headline target, to the EU average in 2015 and the national targets.

The national targets are given as an average in the countries with an upper and lower level are defined (AT, CY, IE, IT). There is no available information in the case of UK

DG B 1C EN

Annex B. Statistical Data

Table B1: National employment rate targets compared to current and projected 2020 employment rates (all age group 20-64)

Context data

Estimated Difference

average Average EPC AWG betw een

annual 2016 - Projected

2020 annual empl.rate target and 2020 grow th of

national employment projections projected employment w orking

estimated 1) em ploym en grow th for 2020 employment

Member State grow th age

t rate target during "pre("no policy rate under necessary to population

(%) crisis" change "no policy reach over total

period (from scenario") change national 2010 - 2020

2000 to (%) scenario" target (%) period (%)

2008) (%) (percentage May '17

points) EPM

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2020 2000-08 2) 2016-20 2010-20 2020 2020

AT 71.8 72.0 69.5 70.4 71.6 72.8 73.8 73.4 73.9 74.2 74.4 74.6 74.2 74.3 74.8 74.8 74.8 77-78 0.4 1.6-1.9 0.8 76.8 0.2-1.2 BE 65.0 64.7 65.6 66.5 66.5 67.7 68.0 67.1 67.6 67.3 67.2 67.2 67.3 67.2 67.7 68.0 68.4 73.2 0.6 2.3 0.3 69.9 3.3 BG 55.8 58.0 60.1 61.9 65.1 68.4 70.7 68.8 64.7 62.9 63.0 63.5 65.1 67.1 67.7 69.0 70.5 76.0 -0.8 1.4 -1.3 66.7 9.3 CY 74.9 75.2 75.1 74.4 75.8 76.8 76.5 75.3 75.0 73.4 70.2 67.2 67.6 67.9 68.8 69.8 70.7 75-77 2.6 2.8-3.5 0.5 69.6 5.4-7.4 CZ 71.6 70.7 70.1 70.7 71.2 72.0 72.4 70.9 70.4 70.9 71.5 72.5 73.5 74.8 76.7 77.6 78.3 75.0 0.6 -1.4 -0.8 75.0 0.0 DE 68.7 68.3 68.2 69.4 71.1 72.9 74.0 74.2 75.0 76.5 76.9 77.3 77.7 78.0 78.7 79.0 79.5 77.0 -0.2 -0.3 0.4 78.7 -1.7 DK 77.7 77.3 77.6 78.0 79.4 79.0 79.7 77.5 75.8 75.7 75.4 75.6 75.9 76.5 77.4 77.6 77.8 80.0 0.1 1.5 0.4 78.4 1.6 EE 68.0 69.6 70.3 72.0 75.9 76.9 77.1 70.0 66.8 70.6 72.2 73.3 74.3 76.5 76.6 77.3 78.0 76.0 -0.4 -0.9 -0.6 75.7 0.3 EL 62.5 63.6 63.9 64.4 65.6 65.8 66.3 65.6 63.8 59.6 55.0 52.9 53.3 54.9 56.2 57.5 59.0 70.0 0.8 4.7 -0.8 60.5 9.5 ES 63.1 64.3 65.4 67.5 69.0 69.7 68.5 64.0 62.8 62.0 59.6 58.6 59.9 62.0 63.9 65.6 67.3 74.0 2.1 3.3 -0.5 66.3 7.7 FI 72.6 72.2 72.2 73.0 73.9 74.8 75.8 73.5 73.0 73.8 74.0 73.3 73.1 72.9 73.4 73.9 74.6 78.0 0.3 1.3 -0.3 74.8 3.2 FR 69.3 69.8 69.6 69.4 69.4 69.9 70.5 69.5 69.3 69.2 69.4 69.5 69.3 69.5 70.0 70.6 71.4 75.0 0.9 1.7 0.2 71.0 4.0 HR : 58.4 59.5 59.9 60.6 63.9 64.9 64.2 62.1 59.8 58.1 57.2 59.2 60.6 61.4 63.3 64.8 65.2 0.8 0.5 -0.8 60.0 5.2 HU 61.4 62.4 62.1 62.2 62.6 62.3 61.5 60.1 59.9 60.4 61.6 63.0 66.7 68.9 71.5 72.4 73.1 75.0 0.1 0.4 -0.6 70.9 4.1 IE 70.7 70.6 71.5 72.6 73.4 73.8 72.2 66.9 64.6 63.8 63.7 65.5 67.0 68.7 70.3 71.8 72.9 69-71 3.0 0-0.7 -0.1 67.6 1.4-3.4 IT 59.4 60.0 61.6 61.5 62.4 62.7 62.9 61.6 61.0 61.0 60.9 59.7 59.9 60.5 61.6 62.1 62.8 67-69 0 1.9-2.6 -0.1 62.9 4.1-6.1 LT 67.2 68.9 69.3 70.7 71.3 72.7 72.0 67.0 64.3 66.9 68.5 69.9 71.8 73.3 75.2 76.9 78.6 72.8 -0.8 -2.4 -1.5 69.9 2.9 LU 67.8 67.2 67.7 69.0 69.1 69.6 68.8 70.4 70.7 70.1 71.4 71.1 72.1 70.9 70.7 71.0 71.6 73.0 1.2 3.1 2.6 72.1 0.9 LV 66.5 67.8 67.9 69.1 73.2 75.2 75.4 66.6 64.3 66.3 68.1 69.7 70.7 72.5 73.2 74.7 76.3 73.0 -0.9 -1.8 -1.6 70.9 2.1 MT 57.7 57.8 57.9 57.4 57.9 58.6 59.2 59.0 60.1 61.6 63.1 64.8 66.4 67.8 69.6 71.2 72.8 70.0 1.3 0.6 0.4 69.4 0.6 NL 75.8 75.2 74.9 75.1 76.3 77.8 78.9 78.8 76.8 76.4 76.6 75.9 75.4 76.4 77.1 78.1 79.0 80.0 0.2 1.2 0.1 78.0 2.0 PL 57.4 57.1 57.3 58.3 60.1 62.7 65.0 64.9 64.3 64.5 64.7 64.9 66.5 67.8 69.3 70.1 70.7 71.0 0.4 -0.3 -0.6 68.2 2.8 PT 73.6 72.9 72.5 72.2 72.6 72.5 73.1 71.1 70.3 68.8 66.3 65.4 67.6 69.1 70.6 72.1 73.2 75.0 0.5 1.0 -0.7 69.8 5.2 RO 63.3 63.7 63.5 63.6 64.8 64.4 64.4 63.5 64.8 63.8 64.8 64.7 65.7 66.0 66.3 67.2 68.3 70.0 0.2 0.2 -0.9 64.9 5.1 SE 78.5 77.9 77.4 77.9 78.8 80.1 80.4 78.3 78.1 79.4 79.4 79.8 80.0 80.5 81.2 81.6 82.1 well over 80 0.5 0.3 0.6 82.0 -2.0 SI 69.0 68.1 70.4 71.1 71.5 72.4 73.0 71.9 70.3 68.4 68.3 67.2 67.7 69.1 70.1 72.0 73.7 75.0 0.5 0.9 -0.6 72.1 2.9 SK 63.6 64.8 63.7 64.5 66.0 67.2 68.8 66.4 64.6 65.0 65.1 65.0 65.9 67.7 69.8 71.2 72.5 72 0.9 0.2 -0.3 66.7 5.3 UK 74.5 74.7 75.0 75.2 75.2 75.2 75.2 73.9 73.5 73.5 74.1 74.8 76.2 76.8 77.6 77.6 77.4 n.a. 0.8 n.a. 0.5 76.7 n.a.

EU28 66.8 67.0 67.3 67.9 68.9 69.8 70.3 69.0 68.6 68.6 68.4 68.4 69.2 70.1 71.0 71.7 72.5 75 0.5 1.2 -0.1 71.3 3.7 EA19 66.6 66.9 67.2 67.9 69.0 69.9 70.2 68.8 68.4 68.4 68.0 67.7 68.2 69.0 64.7 73.8-74.2 0.5 1.31-1.45 1.0 70.8 n.a.

DG B 1C EN

Sources: EU Labour Force Survey, National Reform Programmes 2017, DG Employment calculations based on EU LFS, AMECO database April 2015, Eurostat population projections (2015),

EPC Ageing Working Group 2015 Ageing Report, Base year: 2015

• * 

  Average excluding the UK which did not state a national employment rate target.

• 1) 

  Estimated on the basis of the EU Commission's Spring 2016 Economic Forecast (employment growth) and Eurostat 2015 population projection.

• 2) 

  EU28 as from 2002

PT: Break in the series between 2011 and 2012

DG B 1C EN

Annex C. EPM Dashboard

The EPM dashboard includes the main indicators under the 10 JAF Policy Areas. The objective of the dashboard is to identify common EU "trends to watch" and "positive recent trends" with the aim of putting a stronger focus on the horizontal aspect of changes across Member States, thus identifying common conjunctural trends in the EU. Given the objective of the dashboard, the focus is on both, y-o-y changes and the changes for the three recent years for each Member State and the EU-28.

DG B 1C EN

Table C1: The EPM Dashboard 14 , 2017

EU28 EU27 EA18 EA19 BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR HR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK

Employment rate (% population aged 20-64)

2016 71.1 71.2 69.9 70.0 67.7 67.7 76.7 77.4 78.6 76.6 70.3 56.2 63.9 70.0 61.4 61.6 68.8 73.2 75.2 70.7 71.5 69.6 77.1 74.8 69.3 70.6 66.3 70.1 69.8 73.4 81.2 77.5

2015-2016 change in pp 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.0 ~ ~ 1.9 0.9 ~ ~ 1.6 1.3 1.9 ~ ~ 1.1 ~ ~ 1.9 ~ 2.6 1.8 ~ ~ 1.5 1.5 ~ 1.0 2.1 ~ ~ ~

2013-2016 change in pp 2.7 2.7 2.2 2.3 ~ 4.2 4.2 ~ ~ 3.3 4.8 3.3 5.3 ~ 4.2 ~ ~ 3.5 5.3 ~ 8.5 4.8 ~ ~ 4.4 5.2 ~ 2.9 4.8 ~ ~ 2.7

Youth NEET (% of total population aged 15-24)

2016 11.5 11.5 11.7 11.7 9.9 18.2 7.0 5.8 6.6 9.1 13.0 15.8 14.6 11.9 16.9 19.9 15.9 11.2 9.4 5.4 11.0 8.6 4.6 7.7 10.5 10.6 17.4 8.0 12.3 9.9 6.5 10.9

2015-2016 change in pp ~ ~ ~ ~ -2.3 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ -1.3 -1.4 -1.0 ~ ~ -1.5 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ -1.5 ~ ~ ~ ~

2013-2016 change in pp -1.5 -1.5 ~ ~ -2.8 -3.4 -2.1 ~ ~ -2.2 -3.1 -4.6 -4.0 ~ -2.7 -2.3 -2.8 -1.8 -1.7 ~ -4.5 ~ ~ ~ -1.7 -3.5 ~ ~ -1.4 ~ ~ -2.3

Employment rate older people (% population aged 55-64)

2016 55.3 55.4 55.2 55.3 45.4 54.5 58.5 67.8 68.6 65.2 57.2 36.3 49.1 49.8 38.1 50.3 52.0 61.4 64.6 39.6 49.8 44.0 63.5 49.2 46.2 52.1 42.8 38.5 49.0 61.4 75.5 63.4

2015-2016 change in pp 2.0 2.0 1.9 2.0 ~ 1.5 3.0 3.1 2.4 ~ 1.6 2.0 2.2 1.1 ~ 2.1 3.5 2.0 4.2 ~ 4.5 3.7 1.8 2.9 1.9 2.2 1.7 1.9 2.0 1.4 1.0 1.2

2013-2016 change in pp 5.2 5.2 5.3 5.3 3.7 7.1 6.9 6.1 5.0 2.6 5.9 ~ 5.9 4.2 ~ 7.6 2.4 6.6 11.2 ~ 11.9 7.7 4.3 5.4 5.6 5.2 ~ 5.0 5.0 2.9 ~ 3.6

Employment rate (% Non-EU28 nationals aged 20-64)

2016 56.5 56.5 55.3 55.3 41.7 55.1 78.0 61.3 54.2 68.2 59.1 56.3 57.4 46.3 34.5 61.5 65.4 63.9 70.7 53.9 66.0 64.2 50.3 55.3 62.4 68.0 n.a. 70.8 65.5 46.5 51.6 63.6

2015-2016 change in pp ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ n.a. ~ 4.9 -2.8 ~ 3.8 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ -9.8 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ n.a. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

2013-2016 change in pp ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 5.7 ~ ~ ~ ~ 4.6 6.9 7.4 ~ ~ ~ -8.9 ~ ~ -7.6 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 9.3 n.a. 10.7 n.a. -6.5 ~ ~

Involuntary temp empl as % total employees

2016 8.8 8.8 9.7 9.7 7.0 2.8 7.8 5.0 n.a. 0.9 5.3 8.5 23.9 9.9 17.8 10.2 15.1 1.9 1.3 5.4 7.8 3.4 9.9 0.8 17.2 18.9 1.1 9.7 6.6 11.2 8.9 n.a.

2015-2016 change in pp ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ -0.6 1.2 n.a. ~ ~ -1.4 1.0 ~ 9.0 ~ -2.0 ~ ~ 0.5 -0.9 -0.6 ~ ~ -0.9 0.6 ~ -0.9 -2.5 ~ -0.9 n.a.

2013-2016 change in pp ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ -1.2 ~ ~ n.a. ~ -1.2 ~ 2.6 ~ 10.5 ~ -1.6 -1.0 ~ 1.6 ~ ~ 1.7 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 0.9 ~ n.a.

Newly employed in %

2016 14.6 14.6 14.5 14.5 12.4 10.5 11.3 24.3 14.3 16.7 15.9 10.2 18.3 14.2 15.8 11.1 20.9 14.6 20.2 12.6 15.3 13.7 17.3 16.3 12.6 15.2 5.5 12.3 13.2 19.8 21.4 17.2

2015-2016 change in pp ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1.7 ~ ~ 0.8 ~ ~ ~ 3.2 ~ 1.8 -1.0 3.7 -2.0 ~ 1.5 1.1 ~ ~ ~ -1.5 -1.2 ~ 1.6 ~ ~

2013-2016 change in pp 1.3 1.3 1.4 1.4 ~ -1.9 ~ 2.2 ~ ~ 2.0 1.6 3.2 1.3 6.0 1.6 4.5 -3.3 2.8 ~ ~ ~ 2.8 ~ ~ 2.9 ~ ~ 4.2 ~ 1.6 1.6

Long-term unemployment rate (in %)

2016 4.0 3.9 5.0 5.0 4.0 4.5 1.7 1.4 1.7 2.1 4.2 17.0 9.5 4.3 6.6 6.7 5.8 4.0 3.0 2.2 2.4 1.9 2.5 1.9 2.2 6.2 3.0 4.3 5.8 2.3 1.3 1.3

2015-2016 change in pp ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ -1.1 -0.7 ~ ~ ~ -1.1 -1.2 -1.9 ~ -3.6 ~ -1.0 ~ -0.9 ~ -0.7 ~ ~ ~ -0.8 -1.0 ~ ~ -1.8 ~ ~ ~

2013-2016 change in pp ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ -2.9 ~ ~ ~ -1.7 -3.6 ~ -3.5 ~ -4.4 ~ ~ -1.7 -2.1 ~ -2.5 ~ ~ ~ -2.2 -3.1 ~ ~ -4.2 ~ ~ ~

At-risk-of-poverty rate of unemployed

2016 47.5 47.6 47.3 47.4 45.9 54.6 52.2 38.7 69.1 54.8 40.4 47.1 49.2 37.1 42.9 47.3 42.0 55.7 62.3 42.7 48.5 55.7 44.4 47.8 45.7 42.0 50.2 44.8 47.6 37.2 50.8 48.3

2015-2016 change in pp n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 5.2 ~ 3.5 ~ n.a. n.a. n.a. ~ 2.7 n.a. ~ n.a. n.a. ~ n.a. n.a. -5.9 n.a. 8.9 6.4 n.a. n.a. -5.3 ~ ~ ~ 11.5 n.a.

2013-2016 change in pp ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 7.0 7.7 5.6 ~ ~ ~ ~ 4.5 ~ ~ ~ 8.4 ~ ~ -10.3 -4.7 6.1 10.2 ~ ~ ~ -4.3 ~ 3.8 ~ 8.4 4.4

EU28 EU27 EA18 EA19 BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR HR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK

Source: Joint Assessment Framework update spring 2017

14 The identification of notable (coloured) positive/ negative changes is done following the methodology for determining thresholds for substantive significance based on historical series, agreed in EMCO IG with cut-off

point of 2.5% and 1SD as threshold

DG B 1C EN

Table C1 (cont): The EPM Dashboard, 2017

EU28 EU27 EA18 EA19 BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR HR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK

Unemployment trap tax rate on low wage earners

2015 74.0 74.0 76.5 76.5 92.0 81.6 80.3 89.3 73.1 62.9 71.6 50.4 81.5 76.5 80.1 80.7 n.a. 88.1 81.6 87.6 78.4 57.0 82.4 68.1 82.2 80.3 49.4 89.6 44.7 76.3 68.6 61.6

2014-2015 change in pp ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ -1.6 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ n.a. ~ 20.1 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 2.6 ~ ~ ~ ~ -5.2 ~ ~

2012-2015 change in pp ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ -2.6 ~ ~ ~ n.a. 3.4 n.a. ~ 14.9 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ -2.7 ~ ~ ~ -3.7 ~

Inactivity and part-time work due to personal and family responsibilities - total

2016 5.4 5.4 5.2 5.2 4.6 2.9 5.1 0.8 7.1 4.8 7.1 1.6 2.5 4.7 1.6 5.0 3.0 1.8 1.1 5.1 4.8 4.4 10.9 8.3 3.5 1.4 1.1 1.3 4.9 2.9 3.5 10.2

2015-2016 change in pp ~ ~ ~ ~ 0.2 0.3 ~ 0.2 ~ 0.6 0.2 ~ ~ -0.2 0.4 0.2 0.3 ~ -0.2 ~ 0.2 -0.5 -0.3 0.2 0.4 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

2013-2016 change in pp ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 0.4 ~ ~ ~ ~ 1.0 ~ ~ -0.6 ~ ~ ~ ~ -0.5 1.0 ~ -0.8 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

Total employment (ths)

2016 232091.7 n.a. 151957.5 153318.7 4660.3 3463.3 5248.6 2877 43595 624.7 2045.5 4071.6 18968.8 27612 1599.2 24814.4 379.8 887.4 1361.2 418.4 4402.8 202.8 8901 4346.7 16060.7 4650.4 8481.1 960.6 2321.1 2516.6 4890.3 31725.4

2015-2016 change in % ~ n.a. 1.4 1.4 1.3 ~ 1.3 1.7 ~ ~ 2.8 1.3 2.7 ~ ~ 1.3 2.7 ~ 2.0 3.0 2.2 3.5 ~ 1.3 ~ 1.6 ~ 2.0 2.4 ~ 1.7 1.4

2013-2016 change in % 3.4 n.a. ~ ~ ~ ~ 3.3 4.0 ~ 4.0 7.2 ~ 6.2 ~ 4.3 ~ ~ ~ 5.4 8.4 9.5 13.1 ~ ~ 3.9 4.5 ~ 3.6 5.9 ~ 4.7 5.6

Job vacancy rate (average over 3 years)

2016 1.7 1.7 n.a. 1.6 2.5 0.8 2.1 1.6 2.4 1.6 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.7 1.2 0.6 0.9 0.9 1.1 1.2 1.6 2.8 1.7 1.8 0.6 0.6 1.1 1.4 1.0 1.4 1.9 2.4

2015-2016 change in % 9.9 9.9 n.a. ~ ~ 10.8 44.2 11.9 ~ ~ 12.8 ~ ~ 16.7 29.5 14.8 30.9 78.0 12.2 25.8 14.9 12.1 18.9 ~ 24.0 18.5 20.7 27.7 ~ ~ 14.6 ~

2013-2016 change in % 20.3 21.0 n.a. ~ ~ 18.8 128.0 31.1 ~ ~ 49.2 ~ -20.2 ~ 36.7 ~ 23.6 111.9 23.6 60.5 43.4 ~ 20.6 ~ 34.8 68.4 68.2 74.4 ~ -23.5 25.3 36.7

Gender employment gap

2016 11.6 11.6 11.3 11.2 9.3 7.3 16.0 6.7 8.3 8.2 12.3 19.0 11.5 7.5 9.6 20.1 9.8 2.9 1.9 11.0 14.0 27.6 11.0 7.8 14.2 6.8 17.6 6.6 14.2 3.3 3.8 11.0

2015-2016 change in pp ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ -0.9 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ -2.0 ~ 1.2 ~ ~

2013-2016 change in pp ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1.9 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ -3.1 ~ -2.0 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

Gender pay gap

2015 16.3 16.4 16.9 16.8 6.5 15.4 22.5 15.1 22.0 26.9 13.9 n.a. 14.9 15.8 10.4 5.5 14.0 17.0 14.2 5.5 14.0 10.6 16.1 21.7 7.7 17.8 5.8 8.1 19.6 17.3 14.0 20.8

2014-2015 change in pp ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1.2 ~ -0.9 ~ -1.2 n.a. n.a. ~ ~ n.a. ~ ~ ~ 0.9 ~ -1.1 n.a. ~ ~ ~ 2.9 1.3 1.1 ~ -1.1 ~ ~

2012-2015 change in pp ~ ~ ~ ~ -1.8 ~ ~ -1.7 ~ -3.0 1.7 n.a. -3.8 ~ 7.5 ~ -1.6 2.1 2.3 -1.5 -6.1 ~ -1.5 ~ ~ 2.8 ~ 3.6 ~ -1.9 -1.5 ~

Adults with medium or high education

2016 77.0 76.9 73.5 73.7 75.1 82.3 93.4 80.7 86.5 89.1 80.1 71.8 58.3 78.1 83.1 60.1 79.6 90.7 94.6 78.4 83.4 45.2 77.1 84.5 91.3 46.9 76.7 87.3 91.9 88.1 85.0 79.5

2015-2016 change in pp ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1.4 0.9 ~ ~ ~ 1.7 ~ 1.1 2.4 ~ 1.7 ~ ~ ~ 1.8 1.7 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

2013-2016 change in pp ~ ~ 2.2 2.2 2.3 ~ ~ 2.4 ~ ~ 3.4 4.6 2.8 3.1 ~ 1.9 ~ ~ ~ -2.1 ~ 4.7 ~ ~ ~ 7.1 ~ ~ ~ 2.2 ~ ~

Life long learning - percentage of adult population (aged 25-64) participating in education and training - total

2016 10.8 10.8 11.2 11.2 7.0 2.2 8.8 27.7 8.5 15.7 6.4 4.0 9.4 18.8 3.0 8.3 6.9 7.3 6.0 16.8 6.3 7.5 18.8 14.9 3.7 9.6 1.2 11.6 2.9 26.4 29.6 14.4

2015-2016 change in pp ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ -3.6 ~ 3.3 ~ 0.7 ~ ~ ~ 1.0 -0.6 1.6 ~ -1.2 -0.8 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1.0 ~ -1.3

2013-2016 change in pp ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ -1.2 -3.7 ~ 3.1 -1.2 ~ -2.0 ~ ~ 2.1 ~ ~ ~ 2.2 3.1 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1.5 1.2 -2.2

Early school leavers (in %)

2016 10.7 10.8 11.2 11.1 8.8 13.8 6.6 7.2 10.2 10.9 6.3 6.2 19.0 8.8 2.8 13.8 7.7 10.0 4.8 5.5 12.4 19.6 8.0 6.9 5.2 14.0 18.5 4.9 7.4 7.9 7.4 11.2

2015-2016 change in pp ~ ~ ~ ~ -1.3 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ -1.7 -1.0 ~ ~ -0.9 2.5 ~ ~ -3.8 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ -1.3 ~ ~

2013-2016 change in pp ~ ~ -1.7 -1.7 -2.2 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ -2.1 -3.9 -4.6 ~ -1.7 -3.0 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ -4.9 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

Completion of tertiary or equivalent education (aged 30-34) - total

2016 39.1 39.2 37.4 37.6 45.6 33.8 32.8 47.7 33.2 45.4 52.9 42.7 40.1 43.6 29.5 26.2 53.4 42.8 58.7 54.6 33.0 29.8 45.7 40.1 44.6 34.6 25.6 44.2 31.5 46.1 51.0 48.1

2015-2016 change in pp ~ ~ ~ ~ 2.9 1.7 2.7 ~ ~ ~ ~ 2.3 ~ -1.4 -1.3 ~ ~ 1.5 ~ 2.3 -1.3 2.0 ~ 1.4 ~ 2.7 ~ ~ 3.1 ~ ~ ~

2013-2016 change in pp ~ ~ ~ ~ 2.9 4.4 6.1 4.3 ~ 2.9 ~ 7.8 ~ ~ 3.9 3.7 5.6 ~ 7.4 ~ ~ 3.8 ~ 13.0 4.1 4.6 ~ 4.1 4.6 ~ ~ ~

Nominal unit labour cost (index 2010=100)

2016 105.4 n.a. 105.5 105.5 107.9 123.9 107.2 105.0 111.6 123.7 78.0 87.7 95.4 106.1 91.1 104.7 92.3 125.1 120.5 106.4 114.8 109.8 104.0 111.5 103.2 96.5 102.3 101.1 105.1 111.3 111.9 106.3

2015-2016 change in % ~ n.a. ~ ~ ~ ~ 3.3 ~ ~ 4.4 ~ ~ ~ ~ -2.8 ~ ~ 4.8 4.9 ~ 5.5 ~ ~ ~ n.a. ~ 5.2 ~ ~ ~ ~ 2.4

2013-2016 change in % ~ n.a. ~ ~ ~ 7.2 ~ ~ 5.4 14.3 -20.5 ~ ~ ~ -6.3 ~ -5.5 15.9 13.5 ~ 8.4 ~ ~ 4.9 ~ ~ 5.7 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

EU28 EU27 EA18 EA19 BE BG CZ DK DE EE IE EL ES FR HR IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK

Source: Joint Assessment Framework update spring 2017

DG B 1C EN

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